The Design of Enzymatic Systems for Catalysis in Organic Solvents
| Author | : Valerie Mei-lin Reiko Suzawa |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 286 |
| Release | : 1995 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The Design Of Enzymatic Systems For Catalysis In Organic Solvents
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Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media: Optimization of Enzymatic Catalysis for Organic Solvent Systems
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 5 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
From a biotechnological perspective there are many potential advantages of employing enzymes in organic as opposed to aqueous media. To that end, we have concluded an initial three-year research program in the area of enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. Our studies have focused on the effect of protein hydration on subtilisins BPN' and Carlsberg in nonaqueous media. Investigations on protein engineered mutants, catalyst engineering studies, and structural studies, primarily employing EPR spectroscopy, have revealed fundamental information on the role of water, the the nature of enzyme structure, and the effects of solvents on the catalytic activity in organic solvents. This study has also resulted in several rational methods to dramatically improve enzyme activity under anhydrous conditions. Catalytic activities in organic solvents can now be expressed at levels similar to that in water--this is a major advance in the field of nonaqueous enzymology. (jg).
Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents
| Author | : Evgeny N. Vulfson |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 677 |
| Release | : 2008-02-05 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1592591124 |
Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.
Enzyme Biocatalysis
| Author | : Andrés Illanes |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 398 |
| Release | : 2008-06-19 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1402083610 |
This book was written with the purpose of providing a sound basis for the design of enzymatic reactions based on kinetic principles, but also to give an updated vision of the potentials and limitations of biocatalysis, especially with respect to recent app- cations in processes of organic synthesis. The ?rst ?ve chapters are structured in the form of a textbook, going from the basic principles of enzyme structure and fu- tion to reactor design for homogeneous systems with soluble enzymes and hete- geneous systems with immobilized enzymes. The last chapter of the book is divided into six sections that represent illustrative case studies of biocatalytic processes of industrial relevance or potential, written by experts in the respective ?elds. We sincerely hope that this book will represent an element in the toolbox of gr- uate students in applied biology and chemical and biochemical engineering and also of undergraduate students with formal training in organic chemistry, biochemistry, thermodynamics and chemical reaction kinetics. Beyond that, the book pretends also to illustrate the potential of biocatalytic processes with case studies in the ?eld of organic synthesis, which we hope will be of interest for the academia and prof- sionals involved in R&D&I. If some of our young readers are encouraged to engage or persevere in their work in biocatalysis this will certainly be our more precious reward.
Molecular Design and Bioorganic Catalysis
| Author | : C.S. Wilcox |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 268 |
| Release | : 2012-02-26 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9789401072526 |
One of the most active areas of contemporary organic chemistry involves the search for new catalysts that borrow concepts, strategies and even components from enzymes but yet are not found in nature. Such artificial enzymes not only give enormous insights into the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis but also offer the potential for catalyzing a wide range of chemical reactions with no counterpart in nature. Several approaches have been taken in the deVelopment of new catalysts, some based on biological methods and others on synthetic techniques. Site directed mutagenesis has allowed the direct replacement of amino acids in an enzyme with resulting changes in stability, selectivity and mechanism. Recent developments have shown that even non-natural amino acids can be incorporated into proteins and also that enzymes can function effectively in organic solvents. A different biological route to artificial enzymes has exploited the immune system and its ability to generate millions of antibodies to a given antigen. Novel antigens have been designed to mimic the transition states of chemical reactions. Antibodies elicited against these antigens thus contain an active site that is complementary to transition state structure and can potentially catalyze target reactions. A broad range of reactions can now be 6 catalyzed using the method with rate accelerations reaching 10 compared to the control reactions. Protein engineering and catalytic antibodies represent complex solutions to the problem of artificial enzymes. Their complexity is however their principal limitation.
Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
| Author | : Manfred P. Schneider |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 422 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9400946864 |
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Reisensburg/Ulm, Donau, Germany, June 16-22, 1985
Biocatalysis
| Author | : Andreas S. Bommarius |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 634 |
| Release | : 2007-02-27 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 352760605X |
The whole range of biocatalysis, from a firm grounding in theoretical concepts to in-depth coverage of practical applications and future perspectives. The book not only covers reactions, products and processes with and from biological catalysts, but also the process of designing and improving such biocatalysts. One unique feature is that the fields of chemistry, biology and bioengineering receive equal attention, thus addressing practitioners and students from all three areas.
Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
| Author | : Karlheinz Drauz |
| Publisher | : Wiley-VCH |
| Total Pages | : 380 |
| Release | : 2002-07-26 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
Organic synthesis with enzymes - the only way This comprehensive set gives reliable answers to all questions on enzyme catalysis - from searching for suitable catalytic systems via choosing the optimal reaction conditions to implementing modern synthesis strategies. The long-awaited new edition has been greatly expanded to include new topics and to reflect the latest research, yet retains the clear and practice-oriented presentation found in the first edition. More than a mere data collection, the three volumes provide synthetic chemists with easy access to all the first-hand information necessary for successfully using enzymes: - the latest synthesis methods - example applications arranged according to reaction type - a table of all the important, commercially available enzymes - comprehensive registers for targeted searching according to enzyme, compound, or reaction - current references to the literature In short, an indispensable reference that should be on the shelf of every modern synthesis laboratory.
Designing Novel Enzymes for Homogeneous Catalysis in Organic Solvents
| Author | : C. Wong |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 6 |
| Release | : 1999 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Several mutants derived from the thermostable subtilisin 8397 were produced in order to create an enzyme that is more stable toward organic solvents, or more effective for peptide coupling in aqueous solution. Mutants were created with higher stability (8397/K256Y), broader substrate specificity (83 97/M222A/Y217W), and better aminolysis:hydrolysis ratio (8397/C206Q/S221C). Engineered subtilisins were shown to be useful in the coupling of glycopeptides, and in tandem with the use of glycosyltransferases, subtilisin was shown to be useful for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins. X-ray crystallographic and NMR structural studies of the subtilisin active site in 50% DMF support a nearly 180 deg flip in the ring of the active site histidine, which may help explain the large changes in catalysis under these conditions.
