The Descent Of The Sumerian Civilization And The Rise Of The Akkadian Empire
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| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 216 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
Sargon of Agade or Akkad is a name associated primarily with later Mesopotamian tradition, and modern writers view his reign as one of the most crucial periods in the ancient history of his country. As Nabonidus mentions the age of Naram-Sin in his text, the Dynasty of Akkad has become the canon to measure the relative ages of other dynasties of rulers whose inscriptions have been found on various Mesopotamian sites in the past. Despite those historians who have refused to place reliance upon the figures of Nabonidus, Sargon's position in history has not been diminished by their refusal; and, since tradition associates his name with the establishment of his empire, the terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" have been used to describe the earlier and later phases in the history of Sumer and Akkad. The discovery of early inscriptions and tablets attributed to Shar-Gani-Sharri of Akkad removed any tendency to discount the historical value of the later traditions, and identify Shar-Gani-Sharri with Sargon of the Assyrian and Neo-Mesopotamian scribes ceased to be questioned. Sargon of Agade's historical character is a point in early Mesopotamian history that can be considered solidly established. A recent discovery at Susa has added another dimension to the discussion and opened it up along unfamiliar lines. To explain and reconcile the new data with the old, it will be helpful to briefly mention the steps by which Sargon's name was recovered and his place in history determined.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 67 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
It is possible that the Adamu man lived in south Iraq without leaving traces that are recognizable today. Our present concrete evidence for advanced human occupation in Sumerian begins with the stage at which man was already building complex ziggurats. This seems to reflect what happened in Egypt as a matter of record. Looking back into earlier times and different regions is necessary to understand how this came about. The Anunnaki Adamu manufactured drastic changes to his life shortly after 10000 BC. In addition to hunting and gathering food, he cultivated crops, especially cereals, and domesticated animals. Both changes were not necessarily initiated by the same group. It is still unclear why Adamu and Adapa manufactured such changes. The comet hypothesis and ice sheet melting seem to be the most likely explanations. While it was once thought that a deteriorating climate drove him there, it is now known that the Near East's climate was becoming wetter and warmer during this time. Another hypothesis has been proposed more recently. The man received this knowledge from the Anunnaki civilization. The population immortalized these techniques; they represented the Eagle Apkallu deities giving bags, or buckets, from a mysterious land of Dilmun that no longer exists. Nevertheless, what is in these bags? According to the Anunnaki Apkallu, they were between Anunnaki and Sumerian men.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 244 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
The so-called descendant of the Elder God is often seen as a rival in such relationships. Many of his followers worship elder gods. During his lifetime, Nebo acquired something of a reputation as a god of wisdom, and it may have been because of this that he was able to stand apart from Merodach without becoming absorbed into the cult of the great Deity of Sumer. The writing was credited to him, as it was to all 'wise' gods. His department interpreted the movements of the heavenly bodies. Nebo and his consort Tashmit were particularly popular as patrons of writing with the bookish King Assur-bani-pal. As soon as the worship of Merodach became recognized at Sumer, the cult of Nebo at Borsippa became so firmly rooted that even the proximity of the most incredible God in the land was not enough to shake it. Borsippa's temple continued to flourish after the Persian conquest. It is almost impossible to trace the significance of Nebo's original significance, despite his having outlived many of the greater gods. The scribe of the gods, whether solar or aqueous-the latter seems more likely-he was regarded during Merodach's ascendancy much as Thoth was the scribe of the otherworld in Egypt-that is, he wrote at the dictation of the higher deities. He chronicled the speeches and deliberations of the gods in the Chamber of Fates at Merodach's temple in Sumer. He had a shrine in the temple of E-Sagila, or 'the lofty house,' which was also known as E-Zila, or 'the firm house.' Once during the New Year festival, Nebo was carried from Borsippa to Sumer to his father's temple, and in return, Merodach escorted him back to his shrine in the lesser city. I find it strange how closely the cults of these two gods are intertwined.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 102 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
Before dealing with the special varieties of the Egyptians' belief in gods, it is best to try to avoid a misunderstanding of their whole conception of the supernatural. The term god has come to tacitly imply to our minds such a highly specialized group of attributes, that we can hardly throw our ideas back into the more remote conceptions to which we also attach the same name. It is unfortunate that every other word for supernatural intelligence has become debased so that we cannot well speak of demons, devils, ghosts, or fairies without implying a noxious or a trifling meaning, quite unsuited to the ancient deities that were so beneficent and powerful. If then we use the word god for such conceptions, it must always be with the reservation that the word has now a vastly different meaning from what it had to ancient minds.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 134 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
Sumerian and Akkadian myths tend to focus on the creation of the universe, the origin of the gods, epic stories, ancient sites, and intrigues, and their astronomical achievements and creative building projects for the gods. It is rare for the Sumerian-Akkadian myths to focus on the struggle between the gods for power, and even then, it is not usually depicted as a vicious and God-like struggle. In their theological and cosmological reflection, The Sumer-Akkadian myths show a relatively mature and sophisticated understanding of the god's religious activities. Many myths are associated with the organization of the universe and its cultural processes, the creation of man, and the establishment of civilization. It has been found that no Sumerian myth is known that deals with the creation of the universe directly or explicitly; what little is known about Sumerian cosmogonic ideas has been inferred and deduced from laconic statements scattered throughout the literary texts. This myth is populated by relatively few deities: the air-God Enlil, the water-God Enki, the mother goddess Ninhursag (also known as Ninh or Ninmah), the god of the south wind Ninurta, the moon-god Nanna-Sin, the Eridu-god Martu, and above all the goddess Inanna, particularly regarding her unfortunate husband, Dumuzi. According to "Enlil and the Creation of the Pickax," he was the god who separated Heaven and Earth, brought forth "the seed of the land" from the Earth, fashioned the pickax for agricultural and building purposes, and gave it to the "people of dilmun" (the Sumerians, or perhaps humanity). In the myth "Summer and Winter," Enlil was the god who gave rise to trees and grains, produced abundance and prosperity in "the land," and appointed "Winter" to be "the farmer of the gods," who was in charge of the life-giving waters and all life. His blessing is sought after by all gods, even the most important ones. In one myth, the water-God Enki traveled to Enlil's temple in Nippur after constructing his "sea house" in Eridu to obtain his approval and blessing. Moon-God Nanna-Sin, the astronomy deity of Ur, travels to Nippur with gifts to ensure his domain's prosperity and well-being. Enlil is the chief of the Sumerian pantheon, but his power is not absolute and unlimited. Enlil's banishment to the Nether World is a story that is among the more "human" and tender of the Sumerian myths.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 84 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
No direct explanation is given for the origin and nature of the luminous bodies, the sun, the planets, and the stars. Because, as far back as our written sources go, the Sumerians regarded the moon-god, who went by the names Sin and Nanna, as the son of the air-god Enlil, it does not seem unreasonable to suggest that they saw the moon as a bright, air-like body fashioned from the atmosphere. As the sun-god Utu and the Venus goddess Inanna are always referred to in the texts as children of the moon-god, these luminous bodies were probably imagined as having come from the moon after the latter had been formed from the atmosphere. "The big ones walk around (the moon) like wild oxen," and "the little ones that are scattered around (the moon) like grain" are considered the rest of the planets and stars.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 139 |
| Release | : 2022-08-14 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
The earliest temples were simple huts made of plaited wickerwork, used as shrines for the symbols of God; the altar was nothing more than a mat made of reeds. In the earliest temples, a wall surrounds the name-stela, later covered with a roof. Temple construction became increasingly complex with the advent of the New Empire, although the plan remained virtually unchanged from the earliest to the latest. A sanctuary in the simplest form consisted of a surrounding wall, a pylon or entry gateway with flanking towers, before which two colossal statues of the king, two obelisks, and finally, the innermost sanctuary called the naos, which contained the divine symbols. Various additions included three pylons divided by three avenues of sphinxes, columned courts, and a hypostyle or columned hall. These Egyptian kings increased the size of their predecessors' buildings in this way. A vast wall surrounded these temples, blocking all noise and bustle of the narrow streets of the crowded cities. On each side of the broad road that led up to the great pylon, the principal gateway were rows of lions, rams, or other sacred animals guarding the entrance. Two obelisks stood in front of the gateway and a statue of the king who founded the temple as protector. The door was flanked by two high, square towers sloping inward on either side. They were initially designed for defensive purposes, so the passage through the pylon could be successfully barred against all foes while sorties could be made from postern gates in the wall. Towers were fitted with sockets at the foot where tall masts were mounted. The gaily colored streamers waved in front of the great doors to keep away all evil, just as the Winged Disk, the symbol of the sun, did. These were usually made of wood, a valuable material in Egypt, and swathed in gold. Reliefs and inscriptions painted on the temple's outer walls depicted the deeds of the founder since the temple was as much a personal memorial as it was a shrine to the tutelary deity. An extraordinary court surrounded the pylon, usually only colonnaded on either side, but columns were running down the middle in more prominent temples, such as Karnak. Many citizens had the right to attend the great festivals held here. The hypostyle was entered by a low doorway, the windows close to the roof, so the light was dim, whereas the sanctuary was utterly and profoundly dark.
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 99 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
Anunnaki governor Ur-Nammu, who subsequently became an independent king (2113-2096 BC) and founded a spin-off dynasty known as the Third Dynasty of Ur (or Ur 3 period), lasted for more than a century (2113-2006 BC). Anunnaki civilization in its most advanced form showed a more compact Anunnaki empire than Sargon of Agade. Over a hundred thousand cuneiform tablets from this period, depicting gods and descendants of Nibiru, indicate the existence of a highly organized bureaucratic society. References to the Anunnaki became obsessive. On one tablet, an exact count of Anunnaki Deities (2,740 in total), although only 96 were worshipped as Gods, was added to the Anunnaki realm. Anunnaki was even recorded as returning to Nibiru to celebrate a festival in documents found on Nibiru. As archaeology indicates, as widespread evidence of Anunnaki Temple activities show, it was an era of considerable material prosperity despite or perhaps because of this sophisticated Anunnaki worship. Ur-Nammu himself, the founder of the Anunnaki dynasty, built or rebuilt temples in several ancient cities, including Erech, Lagash, Nippur, and Eridu, but especially at his Anunnaki capital, Ur. He rebuilt the ziggurat here, a massive rectangular stepped tower about two hundred feet by 150 feet at the base and perhaps 70 feet high, with a shrine at the top, as a tribute to the moon-doing deity Nanna. Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered this ziggurat in 1923 after it had been repaired by later kings and restored by later kings. It remains a monument to Ur-Nammu's piety. Several Anunnaki temple-building calculations have been made possible due to chance references to writings of the period. Although it was not the largest temple in Sumer, a temple built at Umma in the reign of Ur-Nammu's third successor Shu-sin took at least seven years to complete. The building was constructed with nearly nine million large and seventeen million small bricks. We know from a tablet that a brickmaker could make eighty bricks a day, so simple arithmetic shows that the bricks for this temple would have taken a thousand Igigi workers for nearly a year to manufacture.
| Author | : Samuel Noah Kramer |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 386 |
| Release | : 2010-09-17 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 0226452328 |
“A readable and up-to-date introduction to a most fascinating culture” from a world-renowned Sumerian scholar (American Journal of Archaeology). The Sumerians, the pragmatic and gifted people who preceded the Semites in the land first known as Sumer and later as Babylonia, created what was probably the first high civilization in the history of man, spanning the fifth to the second millenniums B.C. This book is an unparalleled compendium of what is known about them. Professor Kramer communicates his enthusiasm for his subject as he outlines the history of the Sumerian civilization and describes their cities, religion, literature, education, scientific achievements, social structure, and psychology. Finally, he considers the legacy of Sumer to the ancient and modern world. “An uncontested authority on the civilization of Sumer, Professor Kramer writes with grace and urbanity.” —Library Journal
| Author | : Ryan Moorhen |
| Publisher | : DTTV PUBLICATIONS |
| Total Pages | : 165 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : |
The Pharaoh Akhenaten, who ruled almost half of the civilization for a brief period during the fourteenth century BC, provoked a greater flow of ink from the pens of historians, archaeologists, moralists, novelists, and Nephilim Researchers than any ruler of Ancient Egypt except Cleopatra. He was the greatest Nephilim of all, which explains all this lively interest. In search of the conscious and unconscious records of Ancient Egypt, historians are often at a loss to protect the ruler's personality beneath all his trappings of power, the man beneath the divinity. Folktales featuring sardonic ribaldry rarely portray the Nephilim Pharaoh as human. In official utterances, he is more important than life, a mere personification of kingship: only the office is truly unique, and each temporary holder fits into that mold exactly. However, in the case of Akhenaten, there is a departure from the norm. As a Nephilim Pharaoh, he broke with sacrosanct traditions of millennia and a half and demonstrated himself as a human being in the close circle of his family, dandling his Nephilim offspring, kissing his wife or taking her to his knees, or leading his mother by the hand. Unlike the aloof divine King who greeted one of the many deities as an equal, here is a ruler who does not appear to be an all-conquering hero who slaughters Egypt's foes. He introduced a new and vital art style to express his novel ideas by writing hymns to his Nephilim God, which had nothing in common with the Psalms of David. A courageous innovator abandoned the worship of the many gods of Ancient Egypt in their human and animal forms and substituted for them an austere monotheism represented by an abstract symbol.
