The concept of additionality has also been embedded in a set of guidelines, and effectively used since 2004.2 However, the Clean Development Mechanism is not providing the sustainable development benefits expected, and the rate at which projects are developed and approved is not sufficient to meet the growing demand for international credits from Annex 1 countries. [...] It is generally agreed now that the only projects and programs that can provide the volume of CERs needed in the required time frame are those of medium- and small-scale that can be implemented quickly, such as energy efficiency, small-scale renewable energy and waste processing.3 It is of particular concern that until now, the majority of the larger CDM projects have involved technologies that do [...] Summary of Recommendations The Pembina Institute believes that at the Montreal Climate Change Conference (the Conference of the Parties, or COP 11), the Parties should advocate that the following changes be made to strengthen the CDM so that it can deliver on its twin objectives of GHG reduction and sustainable development in a timely manner:. [...] Changes to the CDM Itself Expand resources and support for the Executive Board While the Executive Board must continue to be the body that reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the Clean Development Mechanism, the financial and professional resources provided to the Board must be significantly increased. [...] The structure of the Board should be changed so that a permanent professional body or secretariat reporting to the Board is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the CDM.