The Ability of Pro Forma Earnings to Improve Predictability and Comparability

The Ability of Pro Forma Earnings to Improve Predictability and Comparability
Author: Michael Interdonato
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper seeks to determine the ability of pro forma earnings to improve predictability and comparability. The primary research question focuses on determining whether pro forma adjustments remove temporary items from reported GAAP as they are meant to do. I find that pro forma adjustments do in fact remove temporary items from reported GAAP and therefore improve their ability to predict future earnings. However, GAAP earnings also add value when predicting future earnings, which shows that these pro forma adjustments remove permanent items at times as well. The secondary research question focuses on determining when pro forma adjustments improve predictability and when they do not. I find that pro forma adjustments improve predictability of future earnings in times when companies are performing poorly, represented in this paper by times in which sales are decreasing or times in which market value is decreasing. However, they fail to improve predictability of future earnings in times when companies are performing well, represented in this paper by times in which sales are increasing or times in which market value is increasing. The tertiary research question focuses on determining how comparable pro forma earnings are when conducting ratio analysis across companies. I find that a measure of operating earnings, which removes extraordinary items, depreciation and amortization, income taxes, and interest and related expenses from GAAP earnings, is generally the best earnings measure to use when focusing on comparability of ratios across companies followed by pro forma earnings and finally GAAP earnings. As expected, because pro forma adjustments are typically made in an effort to report a more accurate EPS value, pro forma earnings are the best measure of earnings to use when focusing on comparability specifically related to earnings per share.

Earnings Quality and Strategic Disclosure

Earnings Quality and Strategic Disclosure
Author: Barbara A. Lougee
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2002
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper provides evidence on the characteristics of firms that include pro forma earnings information in their press releases and on whether the usefulness of pro forma earnings to investors varies systematically with these characteristics. Using a sample of 249 press releases from 1997-99, we find that firms with low GAAP earnings quality, as measured by the earnings-return correlation and its related R2, are more likely to disclose pro forma earnings than other firms. In addition, firms that engage in pro forma reporting are concentrated in high-technology industries, have greater sales growth and greater earnings variability, and are more likely to have negative earnings surprises than other firms. We also report significantly greater relative and incremental information content of pro forma earnings over GAAP earnings when GAAP earnings quality is low and when strategic considerations (as measured by the direction of the earnings surprise) are absent. Pro forma earnings also have significant predictive ability for future operating performance and returns in these instances, which is consistent with the view that managers are releasing pro forma figures in order to enhance the information environment in these particular cases. The paper contributes to the growing literature on pro forma earnings and more generally to the literature on voluntary and strategic disclosure.

Earnings Management

Earnings Management
Author: Joshua Ronen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 587
Release: 2008-08-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0387257713

This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?

Earnings Quality

Earnings Quality
Author: Patricia M. Dechow
Publisher: Research Foundation of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts
Total Pages: 152
Release: 2004-01-01
Genre: Corporate profits
ISBN: 9780943205687

Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers

Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers
Author: William G. Droms
Publisher: Basic Books
Total Pages: 210
Release: 2015-06-02
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0465078974

In the current environment of cut-throat competition, razor-thin profit margins, and increasing scrutiny from stakeholders, mastering the fundamentals of financial management is a must for everyone with a stake in their companies and in their own professional futures. Packed with step-by-step examples and illustrative case studies, and updated to reflect the latest trends in the economy and in financial policy, Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers is a nuts-and-bolts guide for managers, entrepreneurs, seasoned executives, teachers, and students alike. Featuring new commentary on corporate accountability, updated interactive templates, study questions, and an online instructor's guide, this new edition covers all the key aspects of financial management.