Structure And Reactivity In Aqueous Solution
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| Author | : Christopher J. Cramer |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 456 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
Provides critical experimental studies and state-of-the-art theoretical analyses of organic reactions in which the role of the aqueous environment is particularly clear. Examines equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvent effects for a variety of chemical processes. Provides an overview of the scope and utility of the present broad array of modeling techniques for mimicking aqueous solution. Includes detailed studies of the hydrophobic effect as it influences protein folding and organic reactivity. Examines the effect of aqueous solvation on biological macromolecules and interfaces.
| Author | : Paul Flowers |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2019-02-14 |
| Genre | : Chemistry |
| ISBN | : 9781947172623 |
Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition.
| Author | : P.A. Grieco |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 321 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 940114950X |
The use of water as a medium for promoting organic reactions has been rather neglected in the development of organic synthesis, despite the fact that it is the solvent in which almost all biochemical processes take place. Chemists have only recently started to appreciate the enormous potential water has to offer in the development of new synthetic reactions and strategies, where it can offer benefits in both unique chemistry and reduced environmental impact. In this new book, the editor, well known for his contribution to the development of water as a useful medium in synthetic organic chemistry, has assembled an international team of authors, themselves at the forefront of research into the use of the unique properties of water carrying out organic transformations, to provide a timely and concise overview of current research. By focusing on the practical use of water in synthetic organic chemistry, and with the concern for the use of solvents in organic chemistry, professional chemists, particularly those involved in industrial research and development, will find this book an essential guide to the current state of the art, and a useful starting point in their own research. Academic chemists, including postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, will find this book an invaluable guide to this exciting and important area of chemistry.
| Author | : Arthur E. Martell |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 259 |
| Release | : 2013-06-29 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1489914862 |
Stability constants are fundamental to understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solution. Such understanding is important in a wide variety of areas, such as metal ions in biology, biomedical applications, metal ions in the environment, extraction metallurgy, food chemistry, and metal ions in many industrial processes. In spite of this importance, it appears that many inorganic chemists have lost an appreciation for the importance of stability constants, and the thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, with attention focused over the last thirty years on newer areas, such as organometallic chemistry. This book is an attempt to show the richness of chemistry that can be revealed by stability constants, when measured as part of an overall strategy aimed at understanding the complexing properties of a particular ligand or metal ion. Thus, for example, there are numerous crystal structures of the Li+ ion with crown ethers. What do these indicate to us about the chemistry of Li+ with crown ethers? In fact, most of these crystal structures are in a sense misleading, in that the Li+ ion forms no complexes, or at best very weak complexes, with familiar crown ethers such as l2-crown-4, in any known solvent. Thus, without the stability constants, our understanding of the chemistry of a metal ion with any particular ligand must be regarded as incomplete. In this book we attempt to show how stability constants can reveal factors in ligand design which could not readily be deduced from any other physical technique.
| Author | : William M. White |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 1680 |
| Release | : 2018-07-24 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9783319393117 |
The Encyclopedia is a complete and authoritative reference work for this rapidly evolving field. Over 200 international scientists, each experts in their specialties, have written over 330 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, isotope and organic geochemistry, meteorites and cosmochemistry, the carbon cycle and climate, trace elements, geochemistry of high and low temperature processes, and ore deposition, to name just a few. The geochemical behavior of the elements is described as is the state of the art in analytical geochemistry. Each topic incorporates cross-referencing to related articles, and also has its own reference list to lead the reader to the essential articles within the published literature. The entries are arranged alphabetically, for easy access, and the subject and citation indices are comprehensive and extensive. Geochemistry applies chemical techniques and approaches to understanding the Earth and how it works. It touches upon almost every aspect of earth science, ranging from applied topics such as the search for energy and mineral resources, environmental pollution, and climate change to more basic questions such as the Earth’s origin and composition, the origin and evolution of life, rock weathering and metamorphism, and the pattern of ocean and mantle circulation. Geochemistry allows us to assign absolute ages to events in Earth’s history, to trace the flow of ocean water both now and in the past, trace sediments into subduction zones and arc volcanoes, and trace petroleum to its source rock and ultimately the environment in which it formed. The earliest of evidence of life is chemical and isotopic traces, not fossils, preserved in rocks. Geochemistry has allowed us to unravel the history of the ice ages and thereby deduce their cause. Geochemistry allows us to determine the swings in Earth’s surface temperatures during the ice ages, determine the temperatures and pressures at which rocks have been metamorphosed, and the rates at which ancient magma chambers cooled and crystallized. The field has grown rapidly more sophisticated, in both analytical techniques that can determine elemental concentrations or isotope ratios with exquisite precision and in computational modeling on scales ranging from atomic to planetary.
| Author | : Sason Shaik |
| Publisher | : Royal Society of Chemistry |
| Total Pages | : 447 |
| Release | : 2021-03-05 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1839163046 |
Electric-field-mediated chemistry is an emerging topic that is rapidly growing and fanning out in many directions. It involves theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as intense interplay between them, including breakthrough achievements such as the proof-of-principle that a Diels–Alder reaction, which involves two simultaneous C–C bond making events, can be catalysed or inhibited simply by changing the direction of an oriented external-electric field (OEEF). This productive interplay between the theoretical and experimental branches of chemistry is continuing, and gradually defining a new sub-field wherein various sources of electric fields, whether external or built-in and designed, or even surface induced fields (plasmons), are brought to bear on chemical reactions, molecular structures, and nano-systems, leading to control of reactivity, selectivity, chirality, molecular orientations, changes in structure, and in dynamics. Written by leaders in the field, Effects of Electric Fields on Structure and Reactivity is the first book on this exciting topic. Starting with an overview of the theory behind – and demonstrations of the effect of – electric fields on structure and reactivity, this accessible reference work aims to encourage those new to the field to consider harnessing these effects in their own work. Covering applications and recent theoretical developments, it is a useful resource for theoretical chemists and experimentalists alike.
| Author | : H. Nomura |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 469 |
| Release | : 1995-12-20 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0080544770 |
The results of a special research project carried out for "Molecular Approaches to Non-equilibrium Process in Solution" were presented during The 42nd Yamada Conference on "Structure, Fluctuation and Relaxation in Solution" which was held from 11-15 December, 1994. The following topics were discussed at the conference:1. Solvation Dynamics 2. Relaxation, Fluctuation and Reaction Dynamics 3. Dynamic Structure and Reaction Mechanisms in Solutions. These topics were the main concern of this conference.
| Author | : David T. Richens |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 622 |
| Release | : 1997-04-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
This book has been written at a time when environmental issues and the move towards "clean technology" is driving synthetic chemists away from organic based solvent systems and towards water as the preferred medium of the future. The paints industry has already moved to aqueous based products. Metal aqua complexes are widely used in the areas of catalysis, dyes and pigments and in hydrometallurgy where a complete understanding of the metal ions in aqueous media is highly desirable.
| Author | : Anders Nilsson |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 533 |
| Release | : 2011-08-11 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0080551912 |
Molecular surface science has made enormous progress in the past 30 years. The development can be characterized by a revolution in fundamental knowledge obtained from simple model systems and by an explosion in the number of experimental techniques. The last 10 years has seen an equally rapid development of quantum mechanical modeling of surface processes using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Chemical Bonding at Surfaces and Interfaces focuses on phenomena and concepts rather than on experimental or theoretical techniques. The aim is to provide the common basis for describing the interaction of atoms and molecules with surfaces and this to be used very broadly in science and technology. The book begins with an overview of structural information on surface adsorbates and discusses the structure of a number of important chemisorption systems. Chapter 2 describes in detail the chemical bond between atoms or molecules and a metal surface in the observed surface structures. A detailed description of experimental information on the dynamics of bond-formation and bond-breaking at surfaces make up Chapter 3. Followed by an in-depth analysis of aspects of heterogeneous catalysis based on the d-band model. In Chapter 5 adsorption and chemistry on the enormously important Si and Ge semiconductor surfaces are covered. In the remaining two Chapters the book moves on from solid-gas interfaces and looks at solid-liquid interface processes. In the final chapter an overview is given of the environmentally important chemical processes occurring on mineral and oxide surfaces in contact with water and electrolytes. - Gives examples of how modern theoretical DFT techniques can be used to design heterogeneous catalysts - This book suits the rapid introduction of methods and concepts from surface science into a broad range of scientific disciplines where the interaction between a solid and the surrounding gas or liquid phase is an essential component - Shows how insight into chemical bonding at surfaces can be applied to a range of scientific problems in heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, environmental science and semiconductor processing - Provides both the fundamental perspective and an overview of chemical bonding in terms of structure, electronic structure and dynamics of bond rearrangements at surfaces
| Author | : David W. Oxtoby |
| Publisher | : Harcourt Brace College Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 244 |
| Release | : 1998-07-01 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780030247521 |
PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY has dominated the honors and high mainstream general chemistry courses and is considered the standard for the course. The fifth edition is a substantial revision that maintains the rigor of previous editions but reflects the exciting modern developments taking place in chemistry today. Authors David W. Oxtoby and H. P. Gillis provide a unique approach to learning chemical principles that emphasizes the total scientific process'from observation to application'placing general chemistry into a complete perspective for serious-minded science and engineering students. Chemical principles are illustrated by the use of modern materials, comparable to equipment found in the scientific industry. Students are therefore exposed to chemistry and its applications beyond the classroom. This text is perfect for those instructors who are looking for a more advanced general chemistry textbook.
