State Of The Art On The Use Of Flammable Refrigerant Alternatives In Particular From Class A3 In Refrigeration Air Conditioning And Heat Pump Equipment
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Author | : Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner |
Publisher | : Nordic Council of Ministers |
Total Pages | : 80 |
Release | : 2019-04-02 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 9289359412 |
Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.
Author | : Fabio Polonara |
Publisher | : MDPI |
Total Pages | : 180 |
Release | : 2021-02-11 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 3039438239 |
Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.
Author | : Ibrahim Din¿er |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 990 |
Release | : 2017-03-23 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 1119230780 |
The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author’s pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness. This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials. Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.
Author | : Gilbert M. Masters |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 676 |
Release | : 2005-01-03 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0471668834 |
This is a comprehensive textbook for the new trend of distributed power generation systems and renewable energy sources in electric power systems. It covers the complete range of topics from fundamental concepts to major technologies as well as advanced topics for power consumers. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department -- to obtain the manual, send an email to [email protected]
Author | : National Fire Protection Association |
Publisher | : NationalFireProtectionAssoc |
Total Pages | : 14 |
Release | : 2007 |
Genre | : Education |
ISBN | : 0877657904 |
Presents the latest electrical regulation code that is applicable for electrical wiring and equipment installation for all buildings, covering emergency situations, owner liability, and procedures for ensuring public and workplace safety.
Author | : Henning Struchtrup |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 596 |
Release | : 2014-07-02 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 3662437155 |
This textbook gives a thorough treatment of engineering thermodynamics with applications to classical and modern energy conversion devices. Some emphasis lies on the description of irreversible processes, such as friction, heat transfer and mixing and the evaluation of the related work losses. Better use of resources requires high efficiencies therefore the reduction of irreversible losses should be seen as one of the main goals of a thermal engineer. This book provides the necessary tools. Topics include: car and aircraft engines, including Otto, Diesel and Atkinson cycles, by-pass turbofan engines, ramjet and scramjet; steam and gas power plants, including advanced regenerative systems, solar tower and compressed air energy storage; mixing and separation, including reverse osmosis, osmotic power plants and carbon sequestration; phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium, distillation, chemical reactors, combustion processes and fuel cells; the microscopic definition of entropy. The book includes about 300 end-of-chapter problems for homework assignments and exams. The material presented suffices for two or three full-term courses on thermodynamics and energy conversion.
Author | : Mary H. Dickson |
Publisher | : Routledge |
Total Pages | : 430 |
Release | : 2013-07-04 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 1134033974 |
Geothermal energy refers to the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale. Today, this term is often associated with man's efforts to tap into this vast energy source. Geothermal Energy: utilization and technology is a detailed reference text, describing the various methods and technologies used to exploit the earth's heat. Beginning with an overview of geothermal energy and the state of the art, leading international experts in the field cover the main applications of geothermal energy, including: electricity generation space and district heating space cooling greenhouse heating aquaculture industrial applications The final third of the book focuses upon environmental impact and economic, financial and legal considerations, providing a comprehensive review of these topics. Each chapter is written by a different author, but to a set style, beginning with aims and objectives and ending with references, self-assessment questions and answers. Case studies are included throughout. Whilst written primarily for professionals and students interested in learning more about geothermal energy, the book also offers those new to the field and the general geothermal community an opportunity to understand and review the potential of this exciting alternative energy source. Published with UNESCO
Author | : ARORA, RAMESH CHANDRA |
Publisher | : PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |
Total Pages | : 1104 |
Release | : 2012-03-30 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 8120339150 |
This textbook offers a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical principles and practical aspects of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Written by a teacher with 30 years experience, this work is intended to provide students with a deeper understanding and a firm grasp of the basic principles of this exciting subject area. This text is ideally suited for undergraduate education in mechanical engineering programmes and specialised postgraduate education in thermosciences. The text begins by reviewing, in a simple and precise manner, the physical principles of three pillars of refrigeration and air conditioning - thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. Following an overview of the history of refrigeration, subsequent chapters provide exhaustive coverage of the principles, applications and design of several types of refrigeration systems and their associated components, such as compressors, condensers, evaporators, and expansion devices. Refrigerants are examined in a separate chapter. The second part of the book, beginning with the historical background of air conditioning, discusses the subject of psychrometrics at the heart of understanding the design and implementation of air conditioning processes and systems, which are subsequently dealt with in later chapters. It also explains the design practices for cooling and heating load calculations. Each chapter contains several worked-out examples that clarify the material discussed and illustrate the use of basic principles in engineering applications. Each chapter also ends with a set of review questions.
Author | : Krzysztof Mudryk |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 811 |
Release | : 2018-02-09 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 3319723715 |
This volume presents refereed papers based on the oral and poster presentations at the 4th International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources, which was held from June 20 to 23, 2017 in Krynica, Poland. The scope of the conference included a wide range of topics in renewable energy technology, with a major focus on biomass and solar energy, but also extending to geothermal energy, heat pumps, fuel cells, wind energy, energy storage, and the modeling and optimization of renewable energy systems. The conference had the unique goal of gathering Polish and international researchers’ perspectives on renewable energy sources, and furthermore of balancing them against governmental policy considerations. Accordingly, the conference offered not only scientific sessions but also panels to discuss best practices and solutions with local entrepreneurs and federal government bodies. The Conference was jointly organized by the University of Agriculture in Krakow, the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR), the Polish Society of Agricultural Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology (Krakow), the Polish Society for Agrophysics under the patronage of the Rector of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, and the Polish Chamber of Ecology.
Author | : Bertrand Lavédrine |
Publisher | : Getty Publications |
Total Pages | : 304 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Art |
ISBN | : 9780892367016 |
A resource for the photographic conservator, conservation scientist, curator, as well as professional collector, this volume synthesizes both the masses of research that has been completed to date and the international standards that have been established on the subject.