Stabilized Engineered Wood Fiber For Playground Surfaces
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Improving Engineered Wood Fiber Surfaces for Accessible Playgrounds
Author | : Theodore Laufenberg |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 20 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Binders (Materials) |
ISBN | : |
Some engineered wood fiber surfaces are uneven, tend to shift, and have low density. The goal of our research was to develop a playground surface material that cushions impact and is accessible to people with disabilities. In the initial screening phase, we evaluated a variety of in situ surface treatments and mixtures of wood particles combined with various binders. Engineered wood fiber (EWF) was prepared from three species, red maple, ponderosa pine, and one-seed juniper, which have a wide range of densities and bonding properties. In the scale-up phase, we evaluated commercially available EWF and several promising binding systems from the screening phase trials. Seventeen test configurations were formed in plywood boxes, using different levels of EWF compaction, fiber moisture content, surface layer thickness, and types of binders. Binder systems that show promise for surface stabilization and satisfactory impact behavior are polyurethane, latex, and silicone. These binders were chosen on the basis of processing ease, flexibility (elongation to failure), cost, and safety in application and use. In this report, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of the surface treatments, review the viability of the systems and the testing concepts we have developed, and identify further research needs.
Field Performance Testing of Improved Engineered Wood Fiber Surfaces for Accessible Playground Areas
Author | : Theodore Laufenberg |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 16 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Binders (Materials) |
ISBN | : |
Some engineered wood fiber (EWF) surfaces on playgrounds are soft and uneven, which creates difficulties for those who use mobility aids, such as wheelchairs and walkers. The outdoor field testing reported in this study is part of an effort to stabilize EWF to improve accessibility. The concept is to mix a binder with the upper surface of EWF to create a stiff (firm) and scuff-resistant (stable) composite overlayer. Latex, silicone, and polyurethane binders were evaluated on small plots during a 6-month outdoor trial in Wisconsin. Tests were performed at regular intervals to?provide a quantitative measure of accessibility. After 6 months of exposure, all the surfaces passed the existing specifications for impact attenuation of playground surfaces. Exposure changed impact performance of all systems except the unsurfaced (without an additive) EWF. The latex and?polyurethane stabilizers consistently met accessibility requirements. One polyurethane formulation produced a hard brittle shell that became even harder with exposure and age, which might increase the injury rate for falls on that surface. The silicone system failed to maintain integrity adequately?during the rain/dry cycles of the test. Moisture measurements indicate that the bonded surfaces retard drying of the underlying EWF, which may have long-term implications for the rate of decay for these systems.
Wood-Polymer Composites
Author | : K O Niska |
Publisher | : Elsevier |
Total Pages | : 383 |
Release | : 2008-05-29 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 1845694570 |
Wood-polymer composites (WPC) are materials in which wood is impregnated with monomers that are then polymerised in the wood to tailor the material for special applications. The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering. This important book reviews the manufacture of wood-polymer composites, how their properties can be assessed and improved and their range of uses.After an introductory chapter, the book reviews key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials, manufacturing technologies and interactions between wood and synthetic polymers. Building on this foundation, the following group of chapters discusses mechanical and other properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance. The book concludes by looking at orientated wood-polymer composites, wood-polymer composite foams, at ways of assessing performance and at the range of current and future applications.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Wood-polymer composites is a valuable reference for all those using and studying these important materials. - Provides a comprehensive survey of major new developments in wood-polymer composites - Reviews the key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials and manufacturing technologies - Discusses properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance
Off-highway Vehicle Trail and Road Grading Equipment
Author | : Brian Vachowski |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 28 |
Release | : 1998 |
Genre | : All terrain vehicles |
ISBN | : |