Springtime Melt Onset On Arctic Sea Ice From Satellite Observations And Related Atmospheric Conditions
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| Author | : Angela C. Bliss |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 198 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781321695649 |
The timing of snowmelt onset (MO) on Arctic sea ice derived from passive microwave satellite data is examined by determining the melting area (in km 2) on a daily basis for the spring and summer melt season months over the 1979 -- 2012 data record. The date of MO on Arctic sea ice has important implications for the amount of total solar energy absorbed by the ice-ocean system in a given year. Increasingly early mean MO dates have been recorded over the 34-year data record. Statistically significant trends indicate that MO is occurring 6.6 days decade-1 earlier in the year over all Arctic sea ice extent. Larger trends exist in sub-regions of the Arctic Ocean including the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas and in the Central Arctic region. The Bering Sea is the only sub-region of the Arctic that has a positive trend in mean MO date indicating that melting is occurring later in the year. Temporal and spatial variability in melting events are examined in the time series of daily MO areas via the identification of several types of melting events. These melting events are characterized based on the magnitude of area melted and duration of the event. Daily maps of MO during melting events are compared with the atmospheric conditions from reanalysis data to investigate the nature of spatial variability in melting area. The occurrence of transient cyclones tends to produce large, contiguous areas of melting on sea ice located in the warm sector of the cyclone. By contrast, high pressure and attendant clear sky conditions tend to produce sporadic, discontinuous areas of melting area. Interannual variability in daily MO area is assessed using an annual accumulation of daily MO area for each melt season. Trends in mean MO dates are evident in the annual accumulations, however, regional variability is high and outlier events can occur. This work illustrates the need for a better understanding of the synoptic weather conditions leading to specific patterns in MO area to improve the predictability of early season Arctic sea ice response to a changing climate.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 374 |
| Release | : 1978 |
| Genre | : Continental shelf |
| ISBN | : |
Examines consequences of outer continental shelf petroleum development in light of current knowledge. Cover title: Environmental assessment of the Alaskan continental shelf.
| Author | : Anja Rösel |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 120 |
| Release | : 2013-05-23 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 3642370330 |
The Arctic sea ice is characterized by profound changes caused by surface melting processes and the formation of melt ponds in summer. Melt ponds contribute to the ice-albedo feedback as they reduce the surface albedo of sea ice, and hence accelerate the decay of Arctic sea ice. To quantify the melting of the entire Arctic sea ice, satellite based observations are necessary. Due to different spectral properties of snow, ice, and water, theoretically, multi-spectral optical sensors are necessary for the analysis of these distinct surface types. This study demonstrates the potential of optical sensors to detect melt ponds on Arctic sea ice. For the first time, an Arctic-wide, multi-annual melt pond data set for the years 2000-2011 has been created and analyzed.
| Author | : Eric T. DeWeaver |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 431 |
| Release | : 2013-05-28 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1118671589 |
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 180. This volume addresses the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice, placing recent sea ice decline in the context of past observations, climate model simulations and projections, and simple models of the climate sensitivity of sea ice. Highlights of the work presented here include An appraisal of the role played by wind forcing in driving the decline; A reconstruction of Arctic sea ice conditions prior to human observations, based on proxy data from sediments; A modeling approach for assessing the impact of sea ice decline on polar bears, used as input to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's decision to list the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act; Contrasting studies on the existence of a "tipping point," beyond which Arctic sea ice decline will become (or has already become) irreversible, including an examination of the role of the small ice cap instability in global warming simulations; A significant summertime atmospheric response to sea ice reduction in an atmospheric general circulation model, suggesting a positive feedback and the potential for short-term climate prediction. The book will be of interest to researchers attempting to understand the recent behavior of Arctic sea ice, model projections of future sea ice loss, and the consequences of sea ice loss for the natural and human systems of the Arctic.
| Author | : Tom Carrieres |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 263 |
| Release | : 2017-10-05 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1108417426 |
A comprehensive overview of the science involved in automated prediction of sea ice, for sea ice analysts, researchers, and professionals.
| Author | : Martin O. Jeffries |
| Publisher | : American Geophysical Union |
| Total Pages | : 416 |
| Release | : 1998-02-04 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Antarctic Research Series, Volume 74. In a 1971 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research report that reviewed polar contrasts in sea ice, Lyn Lewis and Willy Weeks made the following observation: "People who study sea ice in the Arctic Basin are commonly asked if they have ever studied ice in Antarctica, and they answer 'why bother, it's the same old stuff." Noting this was "fortunately true to a considerable extent," they added "It is clear that future work will depend critically on the logistics facilities available to allow surface observations beyond the fast ice edge at all seasons of the year. Of almost equal importance will be the development of instruments and recording equipment suited for use in the polar environment" (Lewis, E. L., and W. F. Weeks, Sea Ice: Some Polar Contrasts, in, Antarctic Ice and Water Masses, edited by G. Deacon, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, 23-34, 1971). Lewis and Weeks made no specific mention of Earth-orbiting satellites, on which the first passive microwave sensor became operational in December 1972. Less than a year later the giant Weddell Polynya was observed for the first time. Perhaps more than any other development, this unexpected feature illustrated the potential to greatly expand our knowledge of sea ice through the application of spaceborne remote sensing. Simultaneously, it acted as a catalyst for a significant increase in the level of research.
| Author | : Ran Tao |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2024 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
In recent years, the Arctic sea ice has experienced a significant decline, characterised by the smaller extent, longer melt season, and a shift from thick multi-year ice to thinner first-year ice. As a result, more solar radiative energy is deposited into the Arctic sea ice and the ocean underneath, further enhancing sea ice melt and ocean heat. When the Arctic is transitioning from melt onset to freeze onset, the sea ice surface spatial variability becomes stronger, altering the spatial distribution of radiative energy deposition. Understanding the seasonal evolution and spatial variability of solar radiative fluxes is a key step to broadening our knowledge of the changing Arctic sea ice. In this thesis, I investigate the year-round changes in solar radiative fluxes within the Arctic sea ice, both temporally and spatially. I examine the changes in optical properties during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition (MOSAiC) in 2020. This thesis utilises a wide range of sensors and platforms, ranging from long-term continuous point measurement, to weekly under-ice mapping of light field, and to ice-floe size parameterization. This thesis highlights the spatial variability of the solar radiative fluxes of Arctic sea ice: under the same atmospheric condition and located on the same ice floe, different locations show highly variable evolution. The largest variability is in the middle of the melt season, due to the changing melt pond coverage and status. The sea ice types and surface conditions are crucial for the sea ice energy budget, thus further controlling the melting process. This thesis provides a comprehensive 3-dimensional view of the sea ice radiative fluxes and improves the parameterization of sea ice optical properties. Also, by investigating the effects of spatial surface variability, which is a function of time and area, this thesis guides future observations of the new Arctic sea ice regime. This study bridges in-situ observation to floe-size parameterisation, advances our understanding of the upscaling of solar radiative energy fluxes both onto and through the Arctic sea ice, and deepens our understanding of the impact of sea ice heterogeneity on the large-scale energy budget of the melting Arctic sea ice.
| Author | : David N. Thomas |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 666 |
| Release | : 2017-03-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1118778383 |
Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
| Author | : S.-Y. Simon Wang |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 436 |
| Release | : 2017-06-15 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1119068037 |
Although we are seeing more weather and climate extremes, individual extreme events are very diverse and generalization of trends is difficult. For example, mid-latitude and subtropical climate extremes such as heat waves, hurricanes and droughts have increased, and could have been caused by processes including arctic amplification, jet stream meandering, and tropical expansion. This volume documents various climate extreme events and associated changes that have been analyzed through diagnostics, modeling, and statistical approaches. The identification of patterns and mechanisms can aid the prediction of future extreme events. Volume highlights include: Compilation of processes and mechanisms unique to individual weather and climate extreme events Discussion of climate model performance in terms of simulating high-impact weather and climate extremes Summary of various existing theories, including controversial ones, on how climate extremes will continue to become stronger and more frequent Climate Extremes: Patterns and Mechanisms is a valuable resource for scientists and graduate students in the fields of geophysics, climate physics, natural hazards, and environmental science. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/how-does-changing-climate-bring-more-extreme-events
| Author | : Burton G. Hurdle |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 788 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461580358 |
" ... as soon as one has traversed the greater part of the wild sea, one comes upon such a huge quantity of ice that nowhere in the whole world has the like been known." "This ice is of a wonderful nature. It lies at times quite still, as one would expect, with openings or large fjords in it; but sometimes its movement is so strong and rapid as to equal that of a ship running before the wind, and it drifts against the wind as often as with it." Kongespeilet - 1250 A.D. ("The Mirror of Kings") Modern societies require increasing amounts influence on the water mass and on the resulting of scientific information about the environment total environment of the region; therefore, cer tain of its characteristics will necessarily be in whieh they live and work. For the seas this information must describe the air above the sea, included.
