Snow and Ice Particle Sizes and Mass Concentrations at Altitudes Up to 9 Km (30,000 Feet)

Snow and Ice Particle Sizes and Mass Concentrations at Altitudes Up to 9 Km (30,000 Feet)
Author: Richard K. Jeck
Publisher:
Total Pages: 100
Release: 1998
Genre: Airplanes
ISBN:

About 7600 nautical miles (nm) (14,000 km) of select ice particle measurements over the United States have been compiled into a single, computerized database for use in characterizing ice crystal and snowflake (generally termed ice particle) size distributions and mass concentrations at flight altitudes. Data are from 50 research flights by six agencies in eight flight research projects using Particle Measuring Systems' one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) particle sizing probes. Primary recorded variables are average particle size distributions in the range 0.1 to 10 mm from each of 1625 microphysically uniform cloud intervals or other convenient distances in wintertime clouds, snowstorms, cirrus, and other high-altitude clouds. The findings are that, generally, the largest particles and the greatest concentrations of total ice particle mass (TIPM) are confined to altitudes below 20,000 ft (6 km). There, particles of 10 mm in maximum dimension and TIPM's up to about 3 g/m(exp 3) may be found. Above 20,000 ft, particles are smaller than 2 mm and TIPM's are less than 0.2 g/m(exp 3) in the cirrus and the upper reaches of deep winter storm clouds that are found at these levels. Exceptions are thunderstorm anvil clouds where 10 mm particles and TIPM's of at least 1 g/m(exp 3) can be found up to at least 30,000 ft (9 km). Anvil clouds and stratiform clouds associated with warm season mesoscale convective systems have provided some of the largest TIPM's, the greatest particle concentrations, and the largest particle sizes at high and mid altitudes, respectively. In contrast to supercooled cloud droplets where the largest liquid water (mass) concentrations are confined to short distances of 3 nm or less in convective clouds, the largest average TIPM's in glaciated clouds have been found in layer clouds over distances up to 30 nm.

Aviation Weather

Aviation Weather
Author: United States. National Weather Service
Publisher:
Total Pages: 299
Release: 1965
Genre: Meteorology in aeronautics
ISBN:

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 755
Release: 2022-04-30
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9781009157971

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Ice Fog

Ice Fog
Author: Carl S. Benson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 130
Release: 1970
Genre: Air
ISBN:

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 104
Release: 1970-12
Genre:
ISBN:

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.

Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States

Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States
Author: U.S. Global Change Research Program
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 193
Release: 2009-08-24
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0521144078

Summarizes the science of climate change and impacts on the United States, for the public and policymakers.