Shylock Reconsidered

Shylock Reconsidered
Author: Joseph Shatzmiller
Publisher:
Total Pages: 255
Release: 1990-01
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780520066359

Moneylending provided the major source of livelihood for the Jewish communities of medieval Christian Europe, particularly in the centuries following the First Crusade. Even after Jews were expelled from England and most regions of Western Europe, the Jewish moneylender, usually imagined, like Shakespeare's Shylock, as an avaricious and editor, remained a potent inhabitant of the European mind. This well-documented volume challenges this negative image by examining evidence from the archives of Marseille of a fourteenth-century lawsuit involving Bondavid Draguignan, a Jewish moneylender accused by a Christian debtor of making a fraudulent claim. Shatzmiller uses this court action as the basis for his discussion of the general issues of medieval moneylending, usury, indebtedness, and Jewish-Christian relations. The study of the documents lead us to cast aside the perception of an unbroken history of hatred and misunderstanding between Jews and Christians, and to acknowledge the existence of friendship, consideration, magnanimity and mutual recognition instead. He also explores the medieval ambivalence towards matters of usury as evidenced through Christian opposition of such gain in spite of the need for a credit system, and the welcome profits gained by the Crown from the activity of Jewish money lenders. Additionally Jews were never the only moneylenders in the Middle Ages, nor were they predominant. Shatzmiller describes the Jewish category of ma'arifiya, or preferred customers, with whom a Jew had an established business relationship and whose custom the Jew cultivated by providing special services, such as postponement of repayment, remittance of part of the owed interest, or not asking security for a loan.

Shylock's Children

Shylock's Children
Author: Derek Jonathan Penslar
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Total Pages: 582
Release: 2001-07
Genre: Art
ISBN: 9780520925847

Throughout much of European history, Jews have been strongly associated with commerce and the money trade, rendered both visible and vulnerable, like Shakespeare's Shylock, by their economic distinctiveness. Shylock's Children tells the story of Jewish perceptions of this economic difference and its effects on modern Jewish identity. Derek Penslar explains how Jews in modern Europe developed the notion of a distinct "Jewish economic man," an image that grew ever more complex and nuanced between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries.

Talking Back to Shakespeare

Talking Back to Shakespeare
Author: Martha Tuck Rozett
Publisher: University of Delaware Press
Total Pages: 234
Release: 1994
Genre: Drama
ISBN: 9780874135299

"This book is about the way in which Shakespeare's plays have inspired readers to "talk back" and about some of the forms such talking back can assume. It is also about the way different interpretive communities, including students, read their cultural, political, and moral assumptions into Shakespeare's plays, appropriating and transforming elements of plot, character, and verbal text while challenging what they see as the ideological premises of the plays. Texts that talk back to Shakespeare pose questions, offer alternatives, take liberties, and fill in gaps. Some of the transformations discussed in Talking Back to Shakespeare challenge deeply held assumptions such as, for instance, that Hamlet is a tragic hero and Shylock a stereotypical grasping usurer. Others invent prior or subsequent lives for Shakespeare's characters (women characters in particular) so as to account for their actions and imagine their lives more fully than Shakespeare chooses to do. Very few of these works have received much critical attention, and some are virtually unknown or forgotten." "Rather than a comprehensive study of Shakespeare transformations, Talking Back to Shakespeare is an innovative exploration of the kinship between the kind of talking back that occurs in the classroom and the kind to be found in texts produced by writers who "rewrite" some of Shakespeare's most frequently taught and performed plays. Such re-visions unsettle the cultural authority of the plays and expose the accumulated lore that surrounds them to probing, often irreverent scrutiny." "Much of the talking back comes from marginalized readers: women, like Lillie Wyman, author of Gertrude of Denmark: An Interpretive Romance, and other nineteenth-century women critics, or Jewish writers, like Arnold Wesker, whose play The Merchant transforms the relationship between Antonio and Shylock. Some talking back comes from an international collection of oppositional voices of the 1960s, including Charles Marowitz, Aime Cesaire, Eugene Ionesco, and Joseph Papp. Talking Back to Shakespeare ranges from popular books like the recent Pulitzer Prize-winning novel A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley to obscure, seldom-read ones like Percy MacKaye's ambitious four-play prequel, The Mystery of Hamlet, King of Denmark. What these published texts share with student journal entries and transformations is the assumption, familiar to postmodern readers, that Shakespeare's plays are essentially unstable, culturally determined constructs capable of acquiring new meanings and new forms. By bringing together these two kinds of "talking back," Rozett challenges the traditional separation between critical and pedagogical inquiry that has until recently dominated English studies."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Myth of the Medieval Jewish Moneylender

The Myth of the Medieval Jewish Moneylender
Author: Julie L. Mell
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 346
Release: 2017-10-14
Genre: History
ISBN: 1137397780

This book challenges a common historical narrative, which portrays medieval Jews as moneylenders who filled an essential economic role in Europe. It traces how and why this narrative was constructed as a philosemitic narrative in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in response to the rise of political antisemitism. This book also documents why it is a myth for medieval Europe, and illuminates how changes in Jewish history change our understanding of European history. Each chapter offers a novel interpretation of central topics, such as the usury debate, commercial contracts, and moral literature on money and value to demonstrate how the revision of Jewish history leads to new insights in European history.

Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature

Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature
Author: Elaine Treharne
Publisher: DS Brewer
Total Pages: 156
Release: 2002
Genre: Anglo-Saxon literature
ISBN: 9780859917605

Medievalists demonstrate how a focus on gender can transform an approach to literary texts and genres. The essays in this annual English Association volume provide useful examples of how the conventions behind and the expectations evoked by literary modes and genres help to shape what purports to be an entirely essential and/or socially constructed aspect of identity of the 'he', 'she', or 'I' of the literary text. Ranging across materials from Old English Biblical poetry and hagiography to the late Middle English romances and fabliaux, the essays are united by a commitment to a variety of traditional scholarly methodologies. But each examines afresh an important aspect of what it means to be man or women, husband, son, mother, daughter, wife, devotee or love in the context of particular kinds of medieval literary texts. Contributors ANNE MARIE D'ARCY, HUGH MAGENNIS, DAVID SALTER, MARY SWAN, ELAINE TREHARNE, GREG WALKER.

Stateless Commerce

Stateless Commerce
Author: Barak Richman
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 237
Release: 2017-06-19
Genre: Art
ISBN: 0674972171

In Stateless Commerce, Barak Richman uses the colorful case study of the diamond industry to explore how ethnic trading networks operate and why they persist in the twenty-first century. How, for example, does the 47th Street diamond district in midtown Manhattan—surrounded by skyscrapers and sophisticated financial institutions—continue to thrive as an ethnic marketplace that operates like a traditional bazaar? Conventional models of economic and technological progress suggest that such primitive commercial networks would be displaced by new trading paradigms, yet in the heart of New York City the old world persists. Richman’s explanation is deceptively simple. Far from being an anachronism, 47th Street’s ethnic enclave is an adaptive response to the unique pressures of the diamond industry. Ethnic trading networks survive because they better fulfill many functions usually performed by state institutions. While the modern world rests heavily on lawyers, courts, and state coercion, ethnic merchants regularly sell goods and services by relying solely on familiarity, trust, and community enforcement—what economists call “relational exchange.” These commercial networks insulate themselves from the outside world because the outside world cannot provide those assurances. Extending the framework of transactional cost and organizational economics, Stateless Commerce draws on rare insider interviews to explain why personal exchange succeeds, even as most global trade succumbs to the forces of modernization, and what it reveals about the limitations of the modern state in governing the economy.

The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism

The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism
Author: Alan T. Levenson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 709
Release: 2012-03-12
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 1118232933

The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism presents a panoramic and comprehensive overview of the major aspects of Jewish life and culture, from the biblical period through to contemporary times. A collection of outstanding contributions from leading experts presents the latest scholarship on a range of questions relating to Jews, Jewish history, Judaism, folk practices, politics, economic structure, the relationship of Judaism to Christianity, and the manifold participation of Jews in general culture through various times and geographical locales. In addition, the book explores Jewish historiography and the lives of ordinary people, the achievements of Jewish women, and the sustained interaction of Jews within the environments they inhabited. In exploring the major periods and themes of Jewish history and the history of Judaism, the volume features a wide range of contemporary approaches that demonstrate the maturation of Jewish studies. Special attention is accorded to underrepresented eras, including the early modern and post-1945 periods of Jewish history in all their major dimensions. More contentious scholarly issues – such as the relationship of Ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible, or the nature of Zionism diaspora and its implications for contemporary Israel – feature multiple essays that reveal varied points of view. Lively and informative, this essential single-volume reference reflects our current state of knowledge on the evolution of Jewish life and culture, from its ancient origins to the modern age.

2000

2000
Author: Susan Sarah Cohen
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Total Pages: 452
Release: 2012-05-24
Genre: Reference
ISBN: 3110956950

This work includes international secondary literature on anti-Semitism published throughout the world, from the earliest times to the present. It lists books, dissertations, and articles from periodicals and collections from a diverse range of disciplines. Written accounts are included among the recorded titles, as are manifestations of anti-Semitism in the visual arts (e.g. painting, caricatures or film), action taken against Jews and Judaism by discriminating judiciaries, pogroms, massacres and the systematic extermination during the Nazi period. The bibliography also covers works dealing with philo-Semitism or Jewish reactions to anti-Semitism and Jewish self-hate. An informative abstract in English is provided for each entry, and Hebrew titles are provided with English translations.

Abraham's Knife

Abraham's Knife
Author: Judith Civan
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Total Pages: 354
Release: 2004-03-24
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 1469105063

Please visit the author's website at Abrahamsknife.com Christians may take the idea of deicide for granted but to Jews it is a bizarre notion, especially when it is turned against them, becoming the accusation of "You killed Christ" and setting in motion the antisemitic acts of the last two thousand years of history. Over and over again, Jews ask, "Why do they hate us?" and protest their innocence and their standing as good citizens of their societies. With a background as a student of literature and a journalist, Judith Civan set out to explain first for her own understanding and then for others who are similarly bewildered, the origin and meaning of the deicide charge, the least rational and most powerful of the various ingredients of antisemitism. Where did this idea originate and how could it have played such an important role in Western culture and history over some two millenia? Drawing upon biblical scholarship and the work of historians of subsequent periods, Civan has attempted a literary analysis of the figures of Abraham, Isaac, Jesus, Judas, and Shylock which might make some sense of this persistent and pernicious myth. Though weakened by the reforms of Vatican II, the deicide myth has not been disposed of and it is still vitally important to try to understand it. It is important not only for the safety of Jews who only recently suffered the devastation of the Holocaust, but also for the health and moral integrity of Western culture. Civan concludes that the accusation of deicide is so virulent because it is not so much about the killing of God as it is about the sacrifice of children, about parental love, ambivalence and guilt, and the human sense of vulnerability.

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6, The Middle Ages: The Christian World

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6, The Middle Ages: The Christian World
Author: Robert Chazan
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages:
Release: 2018-10-31
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 1108340199

Volume 6 examines the history of Judaism during the second half of the Middle Ages. Through the first half of the Middle Ages, the Jewish communities of western Christendom lagged well behind those of eastern Christendom and the even more impressive Jewries of the Islamic world. As Western Christendom began its remarkable surge forward in the eleventh century, this progress had an impact on the Jewish minority as well. The older Jewries of southern Europe grew and became more productive in every sense. Even more strikingly, a new set of Jewries were created across northern Europe, when this undeveloped area was strengthened demographically, economically, militarily, and culturally. From the smallest and weakest of the world's Jewish centers in the year 1000, the Jewish communities of western Christendom emerged - despite considerable obstacles - as the world's dominant Jewish center by the end of the Middle Ages. This demographic, economic, cultural, and spiritual dominance was maintained down into modernity.