Shadow Economies Around The World What Did We Learn Over The Last 20 Years
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| Author | : Leandro Medina |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 114 |
| Release | : 2018-01-25 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484339177 |
We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for 158 countries all over the world are presented over 1991 to 2015. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are assessed and a critical comparison and evaluation of the methods is carried out. The average size of the shadow economy of the 158 countries over 1991 to 2015 is 31.9 percent. The largest ones are Zimbabwe with 60.6 percent, and Bolivia with 62.3 percent of GDP. The lowest ones are Austria with 8.9 percent, and Switzerland with 7.2 percent. The new methods, especially the new macro method, Currency Demand Approach (CDA) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) in a structured hybrid-model based estimation procedure, are promising approaches from an econometric standpoint, alongside some new micro estimates. These estimations come quite close to others used by statistical offices or based on surveys.
| Author | : LEANDRO; SCHNEIDER MEDINA (FRIEDRIC.) |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781484339213 |
| Author | : Friedrich Schneider |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 62 |
| Release | : 1999 |
| Genre | : Business enterprises |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Friedrich Schneider |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 57 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods. We find that the growth of the shadow economy ő which is now remarkably large in the 76 countries ő is strongly related to increasing burdens of taxation and social security contributions, as well as to the extent of state regulatory activities. Rising corruption also has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy.
| Author | : Travis Wiseman |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Recent studies of shadow economies focus primarily on cross-country comparisons. Few have examined regional or state-level variations in underground economic activity. This paper presents estimates of the shadow economy for 50 U.S. states over the period 1997 to 2008. Results suggest that tax and social welfare burdens, labor market regulations, and intensity of regulation enforcement are important determinants of the underground economy. Among the states, Delaware, on average, maintains the smallest shadow economy at 7.28% of GDP; Oregon, on average, has the second smallest shadow economy at 7.41% of GDP; followed by Colorado, averaging 7.52% of GDP, rounding out the three smallest shadow economies in the U.S. West Virginia and Mississippi, on average, have the largest shadow economies in the U.S. as a percent of GDP (9.32% and 9.54%, respectively).
| Author | : Friedrich Schneider |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 23 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451935285 |
"A factory worker has a second job driving an unlicensed taxi at night; a plumber fixes a broken water pipe for a client, gets paid in cash but doesn't declare his earnings to the tax collector; a drug dealer brokers a sale with a prospective customer on a street corner. These are all examples of the underground or shadow economy - activities, both legal and illegal, that add up to trillions of dollars a year that take place "off the books," out of the gaze of taxmen and government statisticians. Although crime and shadow economic activities have long been a fact of life - and are now increasing around the world - almost all societies try to control their growth, because of the potentially serious consequences."--Preface.
| Author | : Friedrich Schneider |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 225 |
| Release | : 2013-02-14 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1107034841 |
This book presents new data to give an overview of shadow economies from OECD countries and propose solutions to prevent illicit work.
| Author | : Mai Hassan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 75 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : Informal sector (Economics) |
| ISBN | : |
This paper is a first attempt to study the size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries over 1999 to 2013. Using a MIMIC model, we find that higher tax and regulatory burden, unemployment and self-employment rates are drivers of the shadow economy, meaning that an increase of these causal variables increases the shadow economy. Our result also confirms previous findings of Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn and Claudia Montenegro (2010). The estimated average of informality of 157 countries around the world, including developing, eastern European, central Asian and high income OECD countries averaged over 1999 to 2013 is 33.77% of official GDP. A critical discussion about the size of these macro-estimates comes to the conclusion that most likely the "true" shadow economy of these countries is only 69% of their estimated macro-MIMIC-values.
| Author | : Friedrich Schneider |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 58 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Gorana Krstić |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 182 |
| Release | : 2015-04-21 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 331913437X |
The main objective of this book is to develop a strategy and policy measures to enhance the formalization of the shadow economy in order to improve the competitiveness of the economy and contribute to economic growth; it explores these issues with special reference to Serbia. The size and development of the shadow economy in Serbia and other Central and Eastern European countries are estimated using two different methods (the MIMIC method and household-tax-compliance method). Micro-estimates are based on a special survey of business entities in Serbia, which for the first time allows us to explore the shadow economy from the perspective of enterprises and entrepreneurs. The authors identify the types of shadow economy at work in business entities, the determinants of shadow economy participation, and the impact of competition from the informal sector on businesses. Readers will learn both about the potential fiscal effects of reducing the shadow economy to the levels observed in more developed countries and the effects that formalization of the shadow economy can have on economic growth.
