Excerpt from Seals and Documents If England thus provides the first examples of this mode of sealing, it has also the distinction of inventing the double seal pendent, the prototype of the Great Seal of all the ages after. This is found under Edward the Confessor; the seal and counterseal have different designs, and the seal is pendent upon strings. I have long been of Opinion and here, though I arrived at the conclusion independently, I am glad to find myself anticipated by Mr. Stevenson 1 - that this seal was not a new invention but merely a modification of the papal bull adapted to a different material. King Edward's seal, indeed, though very small, judged by the standard of later Great Seals - it had a diameter of less than three inches - was more than twice the size of the hull of that time, and unlike the bull it bore the royal effigy on both sides. But its origin is manifest, and it is strange that no one until Mr. Stevenson has drawn attention to its origin. The Benedictines indeed speak of the mode of hanging the seal as derived from the papal bull,2 but they omit to notice the other important point about the seal itself, that, unlike previous wax seals, it had two sides; it was a coin seal Such a seal so used has no earlier example. It is true that, as Mabillon observed,3 we find double seals in the Lombard principalities of Southern Italy from the end of the ninth century; these were evidently modelled on Byzantine bulls, which they resemble in size but they were not pendent to the document, the two sides were impressed separately one above the other.4 It is the hanging double seal which is the peculiar invention of Edward the Confessor. Though I am not immediately concerned with the design on the seal, it may not be out of place to notice that Edward's seal is modelled upon the seal of majesty - a single seal - of the Emperors. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.