Reasoning Backward
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| Author | : Gregg Young |
| Publisher | : Young Associates Incorporated |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2011-03 |
| Genre | : Problem solving |
| ISBN | : 9780983011354 |
American schools don't teach students how to solve problems, but ever since 2008, Japanese schools do.Fortunately for America, there are two strategies for solving problems, and the Japanese strategy reasons forwards from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What COULD BE the root causes?" Then, they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions.The better approach reasons backwards from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of Observation and Deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What IS different when problems occur?" They observe the situation to discover clues that quickly identify every root cause, which leads to complete solutions. Reasoning backwards is 4 times more effective than reasoning forwards.One set of problem solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it has never been taught in school. Now, this book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools to students. For the first time, students can leave school prepared to be world-class problem solvers.
| Author | : Janet Finlay |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 290 |
| Release | : 2020-10-29 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 1000154033 |
An authoritative and accessible one-stop resource, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence presents the first full examination of AI. Designed to provide an understanding of the foundations of artificial intelligence, it examines the central computational techniques employed by AI, including knowledge representation, search, reasoning, and learning, as well as the principal application domains of expert systems, natural language, vision, robotics, software agents and cognitive modeling. Many of the major philosophical and ethical issues of AI are also introduced. Throughout the volume, the authors provide detailed, well-illustrated treatments of each topic with abundant examples and exercises. The authors bring this exciting field to life by presenting a substantial and robust introduction to artificial intelligence in a clear and concise coursebook form. This book stands as a core text for all computer scientists approaching AI for the first time.
| Author | : Gregg Young |
| Publisher | : Young Associates, Incorporated |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2013-04 |
| Genre | : Holmes, Sherlock (Fictitious character) |
| ISBN | : 9780983011309 |
"In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward" Holmes explained. "That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much..." Most problem solvers reason forward from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What could be the root causes?" Then they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions. The best strategy reasons backward from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of observation and deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What is different when problems occur?" Reasoning backward is four times more effective than reasoning forward. One set of problem-solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it is not well known. This book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools for the first time. Now, anyone can become an exceptional problem solver.
| Author | : Axel Polleres |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 279 |
| Release | : 2009-10-15 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3642050816 |
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems, RR 2009, held in Chantilly, VA, USA, in October 2009. The 15 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The papers address all current topics in Web reasoning and rule systems such as proof/deduction procedures, scalability, uncertainty, knowledge amalgamation and querying, and rules for decision support and production systems.
| Author | : Robert C. Ward |
| Publisher | : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
| Total Pages | : 1318 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780781734974 |
Thoroughly revised for its Second Edition, Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine is the only comprehensive, current osteopathic text. It provides broad, multidisciplinary coverage of osteopathic considerations in the basic sciences, behavioral sciences, family practice and primary care, and the clinical specialties and demonstrates a wide variety of osteopathic manipulative methods. This edition includes new chapters on biomechanics, microbiology and infectious diseases, health promotion and maintenance, osteopathic psychiatry, emergency medicine, neuromusculoskeletal medicine, rehabilitation, sports medicine, progressive inhibition of neuromuscular structures, visceral manipulation, A.T. Still osteopathic methods, treatment of acutely ill hospital patients, somatic dysfunction, clinical research and trials, outcomes research, and biobehavioral interactions with disease and health. Compatibility: BlackBerry(R) OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile(TM) Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC
| Author | : Lindley Darden |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 372 |
| Release | : 2006-06-26 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1139458612 |
Reasoning in Biological Discoveries brings together a series of essays, which focus on one of the most heavily debated topics of scientific discovery. Collected together and richly illustrated, Darden's essays represent a groundbreaking foray into one of the major problems facing scientists and philosophers of science. Divided into three sections, the essays focus on broad themes, notably historical and philosophical issues at play in discussions of biological mechanism; and the problem of developing and refining reasoning strategies, including interfield relations and anomaly resolution. Darden summarizes the philosophy of discovery and elaborates on the role that mechanisms play in biological discovery. Throughout the book, she uses historical case studies to extract advisory reasoning strategies for discovery. Examples in genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, neuroscience and evolutionary biology reveal the process of discovery in action.
| Author | : Douglas Walton |
| Publisher | : University of Alabama Press |
| Total Pages | : 320 |
| Release | : 2014-05-15 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 0817357823 |
A study of the role of abductive inference in everyday argumentation and legal evidence Examines three areas in which abductive reasoning is especially important: medicine, science, and law. The reader is introduced to abduction and shown how it has evolved historically into the framework of conventional wisdom in logic. Discussions draw upon recent techniques used in artificial intelligence, particularly in the areas of multi-agent systems and plan recognition, to develop a dialogue model of explanation. Cases of causal explanations in law are analyzed using abductive reasoning, and all the components are finally brought together to build a new account of abductive reasoning. By clarifying the notion of abduction as a common and significant type of reasoning in everyday argumentation, Abductive Reasoning will be useful to scholars and students in many fields, including argumentation, computing and artificial intelligence, psychology and cognitive science, law, philosophy, linguistics, and speech communication and rhetoric.
| Author | : David S. Kaufer |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 273 |
| Release | : 2004-02-04 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 1135618127 |
Over the past several years, David Kaufer and his colleagues have developed a software program for analyzing writing (DocuScope). This book illustrates the concepts and rhetorical theory behind the software analysis, examining patterns in writing and showing writers how their writing works in different categories to accomplish varying objectives.
| Author | : Bindu Bansal |
| Publisher | : Laxmi Publications |
| Total Pages | : 371 |
| Release | : 2012-05 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9381159378 |
| Author | : John Mangieri |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 304 |
| Release | : 2015-09-08 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1119228840 |
Most individuals were never formally taught thinking skills and, as a result, are using processes that were developed during childhood to reach decisions and solve problems. Thus, in an era of knowledge explosion, organizational performance accountability, and rapid change caused by technology, leaders and managers are trying to succeed using thinking patterns developed before they were twelve years old. Power Thinking offers leaders the information they need to evaluate their current thinking proficiencies, determine areas for improvement, and enhance their thinking skills. The book includes the Yale Assessment of Thinking, a standardized assessment measure that enables readers to determine their abilities in the cognitive domains found to be crucial to being an outstanding leader.
