Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not
Author: LeAnne Bagnall
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 85
Release: 2012-04-04
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 161464697X
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ABOUT THE BOOK Based on his personal experiences and observations from living in Key West and Cuba, Hemingway composed the non-stop adventures of the indefatigable yachtsman Harry Morgan, an ex-policeman struggling to survive the Great Depression in the depths of Cuban revolutionary waters. The Morgan story was originally intended to be published in three separate short stories (Baker xvi)a narrative genre which Hemingway himself was redefining at the time. Hemingway had already published the first and second stories of Harry Morgan in Cosmopolitan and Esquire magazines (1934, 1935), and decided to revise all the tales into one novel. Yet the melding of the three stories, along with the intervening story of Richard Gordon, created a novel lacking in unity. Hemingway even admitted that To Have and Have Not was a procedural error (Baker xv), and his least gratifying book (Baker 205). The novel was crafted during a time in Hemingways life that experts describe as an interim period of artistic regression between his better glory days (Baker xvi). The start of the Spanish Civil War also influenced Hemingways time and focus on the novel, in that the main character as an individual comes to share the same fate as the oppressed proletarians of his society (Meyers 267). Hemingway worked and reworked with the manuscript, even relying on the unbiased editorial eyes of trusted friends (Mellow 485), until its final publication by Scribner in 1937. It opened to critical reviews which considered the work to be an anti-capitalist stance against the U.S. government with Marxist undertones, and as a novel divided against itselftelling multiple stories which just didnt cohere as a single novel (Mellow 488; Baker 205, 206). MEET THE AUTHOR LeAnne Bagnall is a professional Los Angeles-based writer and editor who specializes in American literature, culture, lifestyle, health, and community. LeAnne has been writing on topics of charity, philanthropy, health and wellness, and current events for a number of publications over the past five years. She earned a BA in English from the University of California, Santa Barbara with a Specialization in American Cultures and Global Contexts in 2006, and is trained in non-profit board management. She enjoys writing fiction, reading 20th century American and non-Western literature, swing dancing, watching classic film, collecting antiques, volunteering to support veterans, and spending her free time appreciating classic car culture. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK You know how it is there early in the morning in Havana with the bums still asleep against the walls of the buildings; before even the ice wagons come by with ice for the bars? Most likely, you do not knowand could not possibly even knowwhat it would be like to see this scenario, yet this is the world into which Hemingway plunges his reader at the start of To Have and Have Not. The novel is ultimately about the perils of the Haves and Have Nots trying to survive the economic crisis of the Great Depression within the locale of Key West and Havana. It is a tumultuous political and social climate; the desperate and helpless population (especially those Cubans running their political revolution) are forced to take any means of income available to them, including the black market, murder, robbery, and smuggling. This is the world to which Harry Morgan, the storys main character, belongs as well. Harry is a tough, bold, cynical, and exceptionally smart yachtsman with a wife and three daughters living in Key West. Harry is forced to run contraband as well as human smuggling on his boat to make a living and survive the societal decay of the region. CHAPTER OUTLINE Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not + About the Book + About the Author + Overall Summary + Chapter-by-Chapter Summary + ...and much more Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls (CliffsNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Commentary)

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls (CliffsNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Commentary)
Author: EmmaLee McCrickett
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 59
Release: 2012-03-04
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614640459
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Quicklets: Your Reading Sidekick! ABOUT THE BOOK Que puta es la guerra, Agustin said. War is a bitchery. For Whom the Bell Tolls is considered by many to be Ernest Hemingways best work. While that is certainly open to debate, the fact that it was the best selling work of his prolific career is not. For Whom the Bell Tolls struck a chord with readers worldwide, as they followed hero Robert Jordan into the Spanish mountains, fell in love with Maria, fought the fascists along side the partizan rebels, and lay broken and bloody on a mountainside, waiting, with him. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK The next day, low flying enemy planes are seen. Determined to carry on, Robert Jordan goes with Pilar and Maria to meet the leader of another rebel band nearby. On the way, Pilar shares stories of the violent beginnings of the revolution. The other leader, El Sordo, agrees to assist Robert Jordan with the bridge. On the return trip, Pilar leaves Robert Jordan and Maria and they again make love. Both claim to have felt the earth move. The next day El Sordos group is killed by fascists. With their numbers cut in half, Robert Jordan sends a message to Golz to call off the attack. A snow storm begins and the rebels must stay in the cave. There are some tense words between Robert Jordan and Pablo, and Robert Jordan even considers killing Pablo. Pablo manages to convince everyone he is on their side. When the snow ends, Robert Jordan goes back outside to sleep and Maria follows him. The next day, Robert Jordan awakes to the sound of an approaching cavlaryman. He kills him and the others scramble to ready for a possible attack. They hear the sounds of an emerging battle over at El Sordos hill. They listen as their allies are killed, unable to come to their aid without giving away their position... Buy a copy to keep reading! CHAPTER OUTLINE Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway + About “For Whom the Bell Tolls” + About Ernest Hemingway + Overall Summary + The Epigraph + ...and much more

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's The Garden of Eden

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's The Garden of Eden
Author: Joseph Phillip Pritchard
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 63
Release: 2012-07-30
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614646244
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ABOUT THE BOOK In our youth we are prone to indulging in the idea of love. Young love is primarily concerned with purity, passion, and unconditional care. All too often the immature mind glosses over the more painful moments connected to love and only remembers love as a beautiful force. But as those who have loved and lost will attest, love is rarely the blissful emotion that fairytales make it out to be. Love is messy, and sometimes even dangerous if mixed with some measure of obsession, and a need to control. Such is the case with Ernest Hemingway’s posthumously published classic, The Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden was released in the late 1980s, a little over two decades after Ernest Hemingway’s death. The novel’s posthumous publication forced readers and scholars to rethink their perceptions of its author. Early critics of Hemingway often praised his male-centric view of the world. Most of his memorable characters were men performing masculine pursuits. Most of his women were presented as characters that weakened the male protagonist or lead to the deterioration of his life. However, in The Garden of Eden, Hemingway presents two female characters (Catherine and Marita) who are both not molded to fit the “weak” female characters portrayed in Hemingway’s other novels. In fact, Catherine is often presented as more “manly” than her husband. This exploration of gender roles, sexual identity, and sexual deviance drastically deviated from what was expected from Hemingway The novel also stirred up much criticism about how it was edited. The fact remains that the novel was never finished. This begs the question, how much of it was edited out before finally getting published? Moreover, what other changes would Hemingway have made if he had had the chance to revise his work? Such has always been the problem with posthumously published work. We may never really know what Hemingway’s novel might have turned out to be. But the material that did make it to print seems to suggest that this piece was something that would have broken new ground for him. Unlike his previous stories, The Garden of Eden didn’t focus on some thrilling, albeit vicarious, adventure. Instead Hemingway ventures into territory that seems more the province of romance novelists than an author of his stature. Moreover, his two main characters seem to go against type. Perhaps reflective of the story’s role-reversing, gender-bending explorations, Hemingway’s leading male character, David Bourne, is passive, while his lead female, Catherine Bourne, is the one pulling the strings. Those familiar with Hemingway’s previously published novels such as A Farewell to Arms, or For Whom the Bell Tolls will note that while Hemingway has written strong female leads before, he has never really written such relatively timid male characters. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK At this point in the novel some readers are probably wondering to what point and purpose highlighting such an innocuous, and possibly tangential, element could have on the story? Hemingway may have wanted to develop a stronger link between the act of satisfying a physiological need to consume food with the need to satisfy sexual cravings. While this observation is by no means intended to be a Freudian interpretation, it is interesting to note how remarkably similar both types of cravings can be. More to the point, while crafting a love scene and a scene involving food may seem different, the writing skills needed to be able to engage a reader’s senses are the same for both. Bereft of any visuals, the storyteller must rely purely on the power their words have on the reader’s imagination. These initial chapters focus on the relationship that exists between the Catherine and David.

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms
Author: EmmaLee McCrickett
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 60
Release: 2012-05-08
Genre: Literary Criticism
ISBN: 1614642788
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"I'll make it to Europe some way in spite of this optic. I can't let a show like this go on without getting into it." According to Literary Ambulance Drivers Hemingway wrote these words to sister in reference to the eye problem that kept him from enlisting in the general military during World War I. He was determined to see the action through and sought out another way to get to the front and found it as an ambulance driver. He was one of many future writers who worked in the ambulance corps of The Great War, a new role introduced by the advent of automobile ambulances, and open to the educated and upper class. Once there Hemingway was badly injured, as noted by the National Endowment for the Arts' Reader's Guide, and nursed by a woman named Agnes von Kurowsky, who was seven years older than him. He fell in love with her and asked her to marry him five months later, but she refused. These experiences served as a basis for the relationship between his main characters in A Farewell to Arms, Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an ambulance driver for the Italians, and the nurse who cares for him after he is injured, Catherine Barkley.

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's Green Hills of Africa

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's Green Hills of Africa
Author: Ashley Somogyi
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 52
Release: 2012-04-04
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614647119
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ABOUT THE BOOK The Green Hills of Africa was written by renowned writer Ernest Hemingway between November 1933 and March 1934 while he was on safari in Africa. The story retells Hemingways experiences while hunting in the East Africa Tanzania region with his wife. The work is non-fiction and describes the difficulty and enjoyment to be had from big game hunting against the exotic and strange backdrop of the African countryside. The book is divided into four parts: Pursuit and Conversation, Pursuit Remembered, Pursuit and Failure, and, Pursuit as Happiness, each documenting a specific experience of the hunt. MEET THE AUTHOR Ashley Somogyi is an experienced writer and a member of the Hyperink Team, which works hard to bring you high-quality, engaging, fun content. Happy reading! EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK The Green Hills of Africa is an autobiographical story documenting Hemingways emotions, sites, and experiences as he trekked through the wilds of southeastern Africa in search of rare and challenging game. The opening scene describes Hemingways quiet frustration and nonchalant attitude when a truck drives by and frightens off the kudu he is hunting. This singular scene shows the anticipation, failure, and dry emotions that are expressed throughout the book. Defeated, Hemingway returns to camp and on the way meets Kandisky, who frightened the kudu. Kadinsky joins Hemingways party and it seems that the two will get on quite well, sharing similar tastes in literature and opinion, but the more questions Kandisky asks, the more he wears on Hemingways nerves. CHAPTER OUTLINE Ernest Hemingway's Green Hills of Africa + About the Book + Hemingway, Decisive and Undaunted + Summary + Chapter-by-Chapter Commentary & Summary + ...and much more

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast (CliffNotes-like Summary)

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast (CliffNotes-like Summary)
Author: Vivian Wagner
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 24
Release: 2012-02-24
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614649618
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ABOUT THE BOOK I first read Hemingway’s posthumously-published memoir, A Moveable Feast (1964), when I was spending my junior year abroad studying at the University of Exeter in England, and I fell in love with the book. I think it appealed to me especially since I imagined myself to be -- like Hemingway and his friends -- an expatriate, at least for those nine months. It’s an exquisitely readable book, peppered with all sorts of literary figures I knew through English classes: Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ford Madox Ford. There is nothing better for a young reader than to learn the secrets and hear the voices of writers known only through their novels, stories, and poems. A Moveable Feast brings them and the 1920s Parisian literary culture that surrounded them alive. MEET THE AUTHOR professional writer Vivian Wagner has wide-ranging interests, from technology and business to music and motorcycles. She writes features regularly for ECT News Network, and her work has also appeared in American Profile, Entrepreneur, Bluegrass Unlimited, and many other publications. She is also the author of Fiddle: One Woman, Four Strings, and 8,000 Miles of Music (Citadel 2010). For more about her, visit her website at www.vivianwagner.net. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK A Moveable Feast is an episodic book, with short chapters devoted to various people, themes, and locations important to Hemingway during the period he and Hadley lived in Paris from 1921 to 1926. The book is roughly chronological, beginning when Hemingway and Hadley first arrive in Paris and ending when Hemingway has an affair and their marriage begins to fall apart. The book’s first chapter is called “A Good Café on the Place St.-Michel,” and it gives readers a first glimpse into the world that Hemingway inhabits. He describes how he’s writing about Michigan and his boyhood while being in the café, and the perspective he has in this opening scene encapsulates the expatriate perspective he has throughout the book: “I was writing about up in Michigan and since it was a wild, cold blowing day it was that sort of day in the story. Buy a copy to keep reading!

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's Islands in the Stream (CliffNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Review)

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's Islands in the Stream (CliffNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Review)
Author: Ben Mitchell Lewis
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 69
Release: 2012-03-04
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 161464814X
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Quicklets: Your Reading Sidekick! ABOUT THE BOOK Published in 1970, Islands in the Stream is the first of Ernest Hemingways posthumous novels. The novel was lightly edited by his widow, Mary Hemingway, and his publisher, Charles Scribner, Jr. Mary carefully points out in a note that opens the book, Beyond the routine chores of correcting spelling and punctuation, we made some cuts in the manuscript, feeling that Ernest would have surely made them himself. Hemingway began work on this massive project in 1945. The pages he wrote from then until his death in 1961 became several different novels, some posthumous, some published before his death. All are loosely connected in that they were worked on concurrently, and at times, part of the same work. Pieces were cut here and there to provide material for other books, and when finished, he produced enough text for four novels: Old Man, Islands, Across the River and into the Trees, and The Garden of Eden. MEET THE AUTHOR Ben Mitchell-Lewis is a resident of New Hampshire, but tries to spend as much time as possible traveling around New England, the country, and the world. He is a graduate of Colby College and is slowly cracking into the freelance writing game. Ben likes to get outside in any capacity (but especially to rock climb or ski), and travel/adventure writing is his favorite genre, though classic American novels are hard to beat. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK The novels protagonist is Thomas Hudson, a world famous painter. As the book opens with Part I: Bimini, the reader is introduced to Hudson and his house set on a hill in Bimini, an island in the Bahamas. The house is as much a character as Hudson, and the whole of Part I revolves around the house, with brief interludes at bars, docks, and aboard a cabin cruiser equipped for lengthy days of fishing and exploring. After an initial introduction to Hudson, the reader is familiarized with his habits, his daily life, his routines, and his staff, especially Eddy a constant companion, a good fisherman, and very attentive to Hudsons needsl. Hudson has several others always at hand to cook, clean, and mix drinks, the same people that accompany him fishing and help take care of his children. For Bimini is really about Hudsons relationship with his children the three boys, Tom, David, and Andrew, arrive in Bimini for a vacation with their father shortly after the books opening. Before they arrive, Roger Davis is brought in. He is an old, dear friend of Hudsons, a fellow expatriate, and plays a pivotal role in the rest of Part I. While Hudson and Davis drink and carouse in the days before the boys visit, Roger gets into a heated fight with a wealthy man from New York on the docks. The events of that evening are quite trying for Davis and Hudson, and they retreat to the hilltop house to sleep it off and wait for the boys. Buy a copy to keep reading! CHAPTER OUTLINE Ernest Hemingway's Islands in the Stream + About the Book + About the Author + Summary + Chapter-by-Chapter Commentary + ...and much more

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea (CliffsNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Commentary)

Quicklet on Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea (CliffsNotes-like Summary, Analysis, and Commentary)
Author: Mandy Howard
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 43
Release: 2012-03-04
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614648263
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Quicklets: Your Reading Sidekick! ABOUT THE BOOK Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the most recognized titles in the American canon, the simple story of a man named Santiago, who has acquired iconic status for his encounter with the ultimate catch in the Atlantic ocean. The novel addresses themes common to many of Hemingways novels: identity, manhood, death, and religion. His straightforward confrontation of these issues, central to the American experience, gives a contemporary relevance to the novel. Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 while in Cuba, the last book he published during his lifetime. The book is largely responsible for Hemingways celebrity, and was extremely successful before he died. The novel likely began as a story written for Esquire magazine in 1936 about a fisherman at sea, attacked by sharks while chasing a giant catch. The success of this story led him to expand it into a short novel. Hemingway published Across the River and Into the Trees in 1952, though it was met with great disappointment. Many doubted that the author had another great novel in him. Hemingway was concerned, as it was important to him that The Old Man and the Sea become a literary success. MEET THE AUTHOR Sara Sisun is a writer and painter born in Denver, Colorado. She received a BA in Art and Writing at Stanford University in 2009 and an MFA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011. She has studied at the Art Students League of Denver, the Slade School of Art, and Oxford University. She is the recipient of the Allied Arts Award, the New York Art Exchange Scholarship, and the Elizabeth Greenshields Fellowship. Sara currently teaches, writes, and paints in San Francisco, California. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK He realizes that this fish is very, very large. He prays that he will be able to manage it, and that his hand will uncramp. As he drifts further out, and with nothing to occupy his time, he begins to wishes that he could fall asleep and dream about the lions because they are the only thing left. He misses getting to read the baseball scores, and he compares himself in his mind to the great DiMaggio, who plays with a bone spur in his heel, just as he is fishing with a cramped arm. The old man catches glimpses of the fish and knows that he is huge. He feels as though he is starting to lose his senses, and fervently hopes that the fish dies and not him. He reminds himself again and again to keep a clear head. As the fish pulls close to the boat, the old man grabs his harpoon and spears him as hard as he can. He drives the harpoon deeply into the fishs chest, he sense that the fish, has his death in him. The fish dies, floating to the surface of the ocean. The old man thinks the fish must be at least fifteen hundred pounds. Its eyes are as detached as a saints. The old man is running out of food and water, so he runs the line through the giant fishs gills and begins to tow him home. But as they are on their way when the old man becomes aware of a shark alongside the boat. The shark lunges for the fish, taking a chunk out of it for lunch; When the fish is mutilated, the old man feels as though he has been mutilated. The old man guesses he has lost about forty pounds of fish from the blow, and that other sharks will be coming... Buy a copy to keep reading! CHAPTER OUTLINE Quicklet On Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea + About the Novel + About the Author + Overall Plot Summary + Summary and Analysis + ...and much more

Quicklet On The Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway

Quicklet On The Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway
Author: Tiffanie Wen
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 54
Release: 2011-12-07
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614641498
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Quicklets: Learn More. Read Less. About Ernest Hemingway Born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1899, Ernest Miller Hemingway went on to become one of the most important writers in American history. At 17, he began his writing career as a reporter for the Kansas City Star and a year later served as a voluntary ambulance driver on the Italian front in the First World War. His experiences in Italy and later as a reporter in Europe undoubtedly influenced his writing, known for themes of love and the conflict of war. In the 1920's, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he famously hung out with a group of expatriate writers and artists, including Gertrude Stein and James Joyce. Based on his experiences there, "The Sun Also Rises" was his first novel and published in 1926. Other major works include "A Farewell to Arms", "For Whom the Bell Tolls" and "The Old Man and the Sea". In 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Nearly as dramatic as his stories, Hemingway also garnered much attention for his personal life. He was married four times, mistakenly reported dead after a series of plane crashes in Africa, and committed suicide in his home in Ketchum, Idaho in 1961. He was 61. About The Sun Also Rises Released by American publishing house Scribner's, the first edition of "The Sun Also Rises" consisted of just over 5,000 copies in 1926. Due to its huge popularity in the United States, it was published again in Britain in 1927 under the title "Fiesta". Written when Hemingway was 26, the work launched the author squarely onto the map of great American writers and inspired countless readers who imitated its iconic characters. Today the book is one of the most constantly printed American novels in history and has been translated into several languages, including Spanish, German, Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese. It's been adapted numerous times for the screen and stage, including the well-known 1957 film starring Tyrone Power and Eva Gardner and most recently as a production called "The Select" at the New York Theater Workshop. BOOK EXCERPT FROM THE ERNEST HEMINGWAY QUICKLET: THE SUN ALSO RISES Jake is sitting at a table on the terrace at Cafe Napolitain alone after Cohn has left. He picks up a good-looking girl walking back and forth on the street. She joins him for a drink at the cafe and Jake decides to take the prostitute, named Gorgette, to dinner. While in the horse-cab to a restaurant she tries to touch him and he pushes her hand away. ...to be continued! Quicklets: Learn More. Read Less.

Quicklet on Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (Illustrated) (CliffNotes-like Summary)

Quicklet on Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (Illustrated) (CliffNotes-like Summary)
Author: Sourya Biswas
Publisher: Hyperink Inc
Total Pages: 23
Release: 2012-02-24
Genre: Study Aids
ISBN: 1614649626
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ABOUT THE BOOK I had heard of Robin Hood even before I read about Robin Hood, courtesy my grandmother. After all, the whole concept of a capped archer and his merry men “taking from the rich to give to the poor” was an attractive proposition for a bedside story. It was only later that I realized that even “taking from the rich” amounted to crime of some sorts. It was some years later that I came across The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Like many before me, and am sure, like many in future, I enjoyed it immensely. From Robin’s transformation from a common man to outlaw, to the many memorable characters like Little John, Friar Tuck and the villainous Sheriff of Nottingham, the book captivated me. Of course, no description of Howard Pyle’s work is complete without mention of the wonderful illustrations that helped the reader visualize the “merry adventures.” However, I must warn the reader that the language is a bit archaic and may seem difficult at first. MEET THE AUTHOR Sourya is a former risk analyst and has worked with several financial organizations of international repute, besides being a professional journalist with several articles published online. After 6 years of work, he decided to pursue his MBA from the University of Notre Dame. He holds a Bachelors in Engineering from the Indian Institute of Information Technology. He is also a member of high-IQ organizations Mensa and Triple Nine Society and am negotiating with publishers to get his science fiction work published. EXCERPT FROM THE BOOK Howard Pyle is not the originator of the Robin Hood legend; in fact, ballads about Robin Hood have been sung for centuries before Pyle decided to put pen to paper. What Pyle did was to present several stories in a cohesive form, accompanied by beautiful illustrations. He also altered the content to make the book suitable for a young audience. For example, while the ballads described Robin Hood as a resourceful robber out for personal gain, Pyle represented him as a voice of justice, who robbed from the rich to give to the poor while himself living a life of hardship in the forests. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood was the first novel that Pyle attempted, after he had had some success publishing illustrated poems and fairy tales in New York. The book was published in 1883 by noted New York publisher Charles Scribner's Sons, who have since then, worked with doyens of American literature like Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Robert Heinlein and Stephen King. Buy a copy to keep reading!