Kind of Sentences : Assertive | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Exclamatory Sentences ; English Grammar This book has been designed to help you learn English in an easy and proper way. This is a clearly structured introductory English learning book intended to offer readers an advanced fluency in both spoken and written English. English pronunciations are given in easy way helping the readers to understand the complexities of English pronunciation. This English book has detailed deliberations with English grammar. The feedback from the readers prompted to come with a book that can simplify the complexities of English grammar. Feeling the genuine need, an effort has been made in the preparation of the book, with an objective of developing a book facilitating easy and attractive study of English. The book has been prepared in a manner that every reader can easily find access to learn the language of their own without any help of any English instructor. Your warm feedbacks & reviews most important to us for understanding your current specific needs and develop solutions as accordingly. We shall be greatly indebted to you. Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure of language. Language evolves and changes over time. Knowledge of grammar helps in spoken and written communication. Three basic units which constitute the structure of language are – Phrase, Clause and Sentence. A phrase is a group of words that makes incomplete sense. It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand alone. It does not include a subject and a verb. For example. in the south a pink dress at ten o’clock A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate. It can make complete sense on its own. It may or may not be part of a sentence. Clauses are of two types : Main or independent clause : A main clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence and function as a simple sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate. For example : (1) She has a diamond ring (2) Ashok lives in Dubai In the above examples, She and Ashok are subjects. Has a diamond ring and lives in Dubai are predicates Also, the whole clause makes complete sense. Subordinate or Dependent Clause : A subordinate clause does not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause. However, it consists of a subject and a predicate, For example : (1) She has a ring which is made of diamonds (2) This is the place where Himalaya was buried. The words in italics are the subordinate clauses. As they on their own do not make complete sense and are dependent on the main clause She has a ring and This is the place. What is Sentence? It’s Structure and Types of Sentence What is Sentence? It’s Structure and Types of Sentence Table of Contents 1. Definition of a Sentence 2. Structure of a Sentence 3. Types of Sentences 3. Classification According to Function 3. Classification According to Structure 3. Subject-Verb Agreement Check out Correspondence & Study Material which provides the subject matter in simple and lucid language. The coverage & presentation of the book is topic-wise. It includes word examples, test questions, a quick revision section, etc. Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure of language. Language evolves and changes over time. Knowledge of grammar helps in spoken and written communication. Three basic units which constitute the structure of language are – Phrase, Clause and Sentence. A phrase is a group of words that makes incomplete sense. It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand alone. It does not include a subject and a verb. For example. (1) in the south (2) a pink dress (3) at ten o’clock A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate. It can make complete sense on its own. It may or may not be part of a sentence. Clauses are of two types : 1. Main or independent clause : A main clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence and function as a simple sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate. For example : (1) She has a diamond ring (2) Ashok lives in Dubai In the above examples, She and Ashok are subjects. Has a diamond ring and lives in Dubai are predicates Also, the whole clause makes complete sense. (2) Subordinate or Dependent Clause : A subordinate clause does not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause. However, it consists of a subject and a predicate, For example : (1) She has a ring which is made of diamonds (2) This is the place where Himalaya was buried. The words in italics are the subordinate clauses. As they on their own do not make complete sense and are dependent on the main clause She has a ring and This is the place. Definition of a Sentence A sentence means a group of words that makes complete sense. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It always contains a finite verb. A sentence may be a statement, question, exclamation or command. It consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence may be short and simple or long and complex. For example: (1) She likes Sweets (2) She likes Bengali Sweets (3) She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk (4) She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk and are tasty Structure of a Sentence Illustration: Components of a Sentence A sentence consists of the following parts : 1. Subject : The person or thing about which something is stated is called subject. 2. Predicate : It is that part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. (1) His sister works in London (2) The flight arrived late (3) This is my car (4) The young lady was running (5) The temperature in Gulmarg is zero degree In the above sentences the italicized words are the subjects while the other words are the predicates. 3. Direct Object : A person or thing which receives the action of the verb is the direct object. It comes after the verb and answers the question ‘What’. For example: Sohan ate breakfast The breakfast was tasty Naina read the book He repaired his mobile I have written a book In the above sentences, italicised words are direct objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Direct Object. 4. Indirect Object : A person or thing that the action is done to or for is known as the indirect object. It is the receiver of the direct object. It follows the verb and answers the questions ‘Whom’. The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object. For example : She made Rava dosa for breakfast Deepak is sending his wife an e-mail right now Rohan has made his mother promise to work hard Ms. Gupta teaches them communication skills In the above sentences, italicized words are indirect objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Indirect Object, Direct Object. 5. Object of the Preposition : It is a noun or pronoun that provides meaning. The noun that comes after the preposition is called the object of the preposition. For example : The cat is looking at the mouse In this sentence “the mouse” is the object of the preposition “at”. They are going to ooty Here “ooty” is the object of the preposition “to”. Object of the preposition is different from the indirect object. The object of the preposition comes immediately after the preposition whereas the Indirect object does not come immediately after the preposition. Moreover, the indirect object is usually followed by the direct object but this rule does not apply to object of the preposition. For example : Mohan gave Monika the book. Mohan gave the book to Monika In the first sentence Monika is the indirect object. In the second sentence Monika is the object of the preposition “to”. The meaning of both the sentences is the same but their structure is different. 6. Verbs : A verb means that part of speech which describes an action or occurrence. For example, John ran a mile. Perry is a teacher. We know the solution to this problem. Verbs are of the following types according to their function in the sentence. (i) Finite Verbs : A finite verb (or main verb) agrees with its subject in person and number. It forms the main clause of a sentence. It also changes according to the tense of the sentence. For example: She is a professor They are professors She goes to college five days a week They go to college five days a week In the above sentences, italicized words are finite verbs. (ii) Non-Finite Verbs : A verb that does not change according to the person, number and tense of the sentence is called a non-finite verb. Non-finite Verbs are of three types : (a) Infinitive : It is generally used like a noun. Generally the word “to” is used before the infinitive verb. For example: To err is human To forgive is divine Asha loves to sing In the above sentences, italicised words are infinitive verbs (b) Participle : It is a verb which can be used as an adjective. Present participle ends with ing and the past participle ends with ed or t. For example : We saw the breaking news today at 7 p.m. The broken glass cut my foot. The food tasted like a burnt log. In the above sentences italicised words are participles (c) Gerunds : A gerund is a verb but acts as a noun. It ends with ing. For example: She likes reading poetry. Playing football is not allowed in this park. Running is a healthy activity. Painting keeps me busy. I enjoy dancing to classical music. In the above sentences italicised words are gerunds. (iii) Auxiliary Verbs : The verbs ‘be’, ‘have’ and ‘do’ which are used with main verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives are known as auxiliary or helping verbs. These include is, own, are, was, were, has, have, had, does, do, did. For example: There are 23 auxiliary verbs that can be remembered using the abbreviation “CHAD B SWIM” HomepageBlogWhat is Sentence? It’s Structure and Types of Sentence Taxmann in Other LawsBlogOn August 22, 2022, 4:29 pm What is Sentence? It’s Structure and Types of Sentence Table of Contents 1. Definition of a Sentence 2. Structure of a Sentence 3. Types of Sentences 3.1 Classification According to Function 3.2 Classification According to Structure 3.3 Subject-Verb Agreement Study Material which provides the subject matter in simple and lucid language. The coverage & presentation of the book is topic-wise. It includes word examples, test questions, a quick revision section, etc. Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure of language. Language evolves and changes over time. Knowledge of grammar helps in spoken and written communication. Three basic units which constitute the structure of language are – Phrase, Clause and Sentence. A phrase is a group of words that makes incomplete sense. It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand alone. It does not include a subject and a verb. For example. in the south a pink dress at ten o’clock A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate. It can make complete sense on its own. It may or may not be part of a sentence. Clauses are of two types : Main or independent clause : A main clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence and function as a simple sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate. For example : She has a diamond ring Ashok lives in Dubai In the above examples, She and Ashok are subjects. Has a diamond ring and lives in Dubai are predicates Also, the whole clause makes complete sense. Subordinate or Dependent Clause : A subordinate clause does not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause. However, it consists of a subject and a predicate, For example : She has a ring which is made of diamonds This is the place where Himalaya was buried. The words in italics are the subordinate clauses. As they on their own do not make complete sense and are dependent on the main clause She has a ring and This is the place. 1. Definition of a Sentence A sentence means a group of words that makes complete sense. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It always contains a finite verb. A sentence may be a statement, question, exclamation or command. It consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence may be short and simple or long and complex. For example: She likes Sweets She likes Bengali Sweets She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk and are tasty 2. Structure of a Sentence Illustration: Components of a Sentence A sentence consists of the following parts : 1. Subject : The person or thing about which something is stated is called subject. 2. Predicate : It is that part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. His sister works in London The flight arrived late This is my car The young lady was running The temperature in Gulmarg is zero degree In the above sentences the italicized words are the subjects while the other words are the predicates. 3. Direct Object : A person or thing which receives the action of the verb is the direct object. It comes after the verb and answers the question ‘What’. For example: (1) Sohan ate breakfast (2) The breakfast was tasty (3) Naina read the book (4) He repaired his mobile (5) I have written a book In the above sentences, italicised words are direct objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Direct Object. 4. Indirect Object : A person or thing that the action is done to or for is known as the indirect object. It is the receiver of the direct object. It follows the verb and answers the questions ‘Whom’. The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object. For example : She made Rava dosa for breakfast Deepak is sending his wife an e-mail right now Rohan has made his mother promise to work hard Ms. Gupta teaches them communication skills In the above sentences, italicized words are indirect objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Indirect Object, Direct Object. 5. Object of the Preposition : It is a noun or pronoun that provides meaning. The noun that comes after the preposition is called the object of the preposition. For example : The cat is looking at the mouse In this sentence “the mouse” is the object of the preposition “at”. They are going to ooty Here “ooty” is the object of the preposition “to”. Object of the preposition is different from the indirect object. The object of the preposition comes immediately after the preposition whereas the Indirect object does not come immediately after the preposition. Moreover, the indirect object is usually followed by the direct object but this rule does not apply to object of the preposition. For example : (1) Mohan gave Monika the book. (2) Mohan gave the book to Monika In the first sentence Monika is the indirect object. In the second sentence Monika is the object of the preposition “to”. The meaning of both the sentences is the same but their structure is different. 6. Verbs : A verb means that part of speech which describes an action or occurrence. For example, (1) John ran a mile. (2) Perry is a teacher. We know the solution to this problem. Verbs are of the following types according to their function in the sentence. (i) Finite Verbs : A finite verb (or main verb) agrees with its subject in person and number. It forms the main clause of a sentence. It also changes according to the tense of the sentence. For example: (1) She is a professor (2) They are professors (3) She goes to college five days a week (4) They go to college five days a week In the above sentences, italicized words are finite verbs. (ii) Non-Finite Verbs : A verb that does not change according to the person, number and tense of the sentence is called a non-finite verb. Non-finite Verbs are of three types : (a) Infinitive : It is generally used like a noun. Generally the word “to” is used before the infinitive verb. For example: (1) To err is human (2) To forgive is divine (3) Asha loves to sing In the above sentences, italicised words are infinitive verbs (b) Participle : It is a verb which can be used as an adjective. Present participle ends with ing and the past participle ends with ed or t. For example : (1) We saw the breaking news today at 7 p.m. (2) The broken glass cut my foot. (3) The food tasted like a burnt log. In the above sentences italicised words are participles (c) Gerunds : A gerund is a verb but acts as a noun. It ends with ing. For example: (1) She likes reading poetry. (2) Playing football is not allowed in this park. (3) Running is a healthy activity. (4) Painting keeps me busy. (5) I enjoy dancing to classical music. In the above sentences italicised words are gerunds. (iii) Auxiliary Verbs : The verbs ‘be’, ‘have’ and ‘do’ which are used with main verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives are known as auxiliary or helping verbs. These include is, own, are, was, were, has, have, had, does, do, did. For example: There are 23 auxiliary verbs that can be remembered using the abbreviation “CHAD B SWIM” CHAD BSWIM Can could Has Had have Am are Do Does did Be Being been Shall should Was Will Were would Is May might must She is working on her dissertation This song was sung by Lata Mangeshkar (iv) Modals : Modals are used before main verbs to express meanings such as ability, permission, possibility and obligation. For example : Can | Must | Should | Could | Will | Need to | May | Would | Ought to | Might | shall | Used to Geeta can drive a truck (ability) You may go (permission) We should speak truth (obligation) It might rain tonight. (possibility) The temperature might drop tonight. (possibility) (v) Transitive Verbs : The Verbs which always have direct objects. In other words, these give action to someone or something: Therefore, these are also called action verbs which express doable activities. For example : Ramesh told a lie The traffic police fined the driver The dog licked the bread (vi) Intransitive Verbs : An intransitive verb indicates an action that does not pass over to an object. It merely expresses a state or being. For example: The watchman remains awake (state) There is a snag (being) She danced (action) 7. Phrases : A phrase means a group of words that makes some sense but not complete sense. It acts as a single part of speech. It may not have a subject, or a predicate or both. Phrases are of the following types: (i) Prepositional Phrase : It is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun or gerund. For example : He gave the job to her Her car is struck in traffic jam The army works for the entire country A prepositional phrase is generally used as an adjective or adverb. When used as an adjective, it comes after the noun or pronoun which it is describing. The objective case of a pronoun (me, him, her, us, them, whom) is used a prepositional phrase. Mughal Garden is part of the Rashtrapati Bhawan Estate In this sentence ‘of is the preposition Rashtrapati Bhawan Estate is a noun’ and is the object of the preposition. The phrase decided the word ‘part’ (ii) Noun Phrase : A noun phrase consists of a single noun or pronoun and its modifiers. It does the function of a noun. It may be used as a subject, an object or a complement. For example: The dark, foul smoke engulfed the locality (noun phrase as subject) Namita does a lot of office work at home (noun phrase as object) The constitution club is a great place for a press conference (noun phrase as complement) (iii) Verb Phrase : In a verb Phrase, a main verb and one or more helping verbs are linked together. It serves as the predicate of a clause or sentence. It defines the different times of the action. For example: I have read a book I was reading a book I have already read a book I must have been reading a book 8. Complements : A word or a group of words that completes the meaning of a subject, an object, or a verb is known as complement: (i) Subject complement : A subject complement modifies or refers to the subject and follows a verb. It may be a noun or an adjective for example: Taj Mahal is Magnificent : (The adjective magnificent is a subject complement that describes the subject Taj Mahal). Mr. Anoop Jalota is a bhajan Singer (The noun phrase bhajan singer describes Mr. Anoop Jalota). (ii) Object Complement : It modifies and follows an object. For example : Voters elected her a member of the Parliament (Member of Parliament describes the direct object her). I consider smoking cigarettes harmful to health (Cigarettes is the direct object, harmful to health describes it). (iii) Verb Complement : Direct or Indirect object of a verb is called verb complement. It may be a noun, pronoun, or word/group of words acting as a noun. For example : Naina gave Mohan my umbrella (Mohan is the indirect object, my umbrella is the direct object of the verb gave. Both are verb complements) - Sakha Global Books, Inc. 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