Public Choices Between Life Saving Programs
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Author | : Uma Subramanian |
Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
Total Pages | : 78 |
Release | : 1995 |
Genre | : Environmental health |
ISBN | : |
Abstract: August 1995 - Do funding priorities for health and safety policies reflect irrational fears? the disaster of the month - rather than address more fundamental problems? A thousand people were surveyed to gauge popular feelings about funding choices between environmental and public health programs. In developing and industrial countries alike, there is concern that health and safety policy may respond to irrational fears - to the disaster of the month - rather than address more fundamental problems. In the United States, for example, some policymakers say the public worries about trivial risks while ignoring larger ones and that funding priorities reflect this view. Many public health programs with a low cost per life saved are underfunded, for example, while many environmental regulations with a high cost per life saved are issued each year. Does the existing allocation of resources reflect people's preoccupation with the qualitative aspects of risks, to the exclusion of quantitative factors (lives saved)? Or can observed differences in the cost per life saved of environmental and public health programs be explained by the way the two sets of programs are funded? Cropper and Subramanian examine the preferences of U.S. citizens for health and safety programs. They confronted a random sample of 1,000 U.S. adults with choices between environmental health and public health programs, to see which they would choose. The authors then examined what factors (qualitative and quantitative) seem to influence these choices. Respondents were asked about pairs of programs, among them: smoking education or industrial pollution control programs, industrial pollution control or pneumonia vaccine programs, radon eradication or a program to ban smoking in the workplace, and radon eradication or programs to ban pesticides. The survey results, they feel, have implications beyond the United States. They find that, while qualitative aspects of the life-saving programs are statistically significant in explaining people's choices among them, lives saved matter, too. Indeed, for the median respondent in the survey, the rate of substitution between most qualitative risk characteristics and lives saved is inelastic. But for a sizable minority of respondents, choice among programs appears to be insensitive to lives saved. The interesting question for public policy is what role the latter group plays in the regulatory process. This paper - a joint product of the Environment, Infrastructure, and Agriculture Division, Policy Research Department, and the Environment and Natural Resources Division, Asia Technical Department - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to see what can be learned about efficient environmental policy by examining the U.S. experience with environmental regulation. The authors may be contacted at mcropper@@worldbank.org or usubramanian@@worldbank.org.
Author | : Maureen Cropper |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 78 |
Release | : 1999 |
Genre | : Air Quality and Clean Air |
ISBN | : |
Abstract: August 1995 - Do funding priorities for health and safety policies reflect irrational fears? the disaster of the month - rather than address more fundamental problems? A thousand people were surveyed to gauge popular feelings about funding choices between environmental and public health programs. In developing and industrial countries alike, there is concern that health and safety policy may respond to irrational fears - to the disaster of the month - rather than address more fundamental problems. In the United States, for example, some policymakers say the public worries about trivial risks while ignoring larger ones and that funding priorities reflect this view. Many public health programs with a low cost per life saved are underfunded, for example, while many environmental regulations with a high cost per life saved are issued each year. Does the existing allocation of resources reflect people's preoccupation with the qualitative aspects of risks, to the exclusion of quantitative factors (lives saved)? Or can observed differences in the cost per life saved of environmental and public health programs be explained by the way the two sets of programs are funded? Cropper and Subramanian examine the preferences of U.S. citizens for health and safety programs. They confronted a random sample of 1,000 U.S. adults with choices between environmental health and public health programs, to see which they would choose. The authors then examined what factors (qualitative and quantitative) seem to influence these choices. Respondents were asked about pairs of programs, among them: smoking education or industrial pollution control programs, industrial pollution control or pneumonia vaccine programs, radon eradication or a program to ban smoking in the workplace, and radon eradication or programs to ban pesticides. The survey results, they feel, have implications beyond the United States. They find that, while qualitative aspects of the life-saving programs are statistically significant in explaining people's choices among them, lives saved matter, too. Indeed, for the median respondent in the survey, the rate of substitution between most qualitative risk characteristics and lives saved is inelastic. But for a sizable minority of respondents, choice among programs appears to be insensitive to lives saved. The interesting question for public policy is what role the latter group plays in the regulatory process. This paper - a joint product of the Environment, Infrastructure, and Agriculture Division, Policy Research Department, and the Environment and Natural Resources Division, Asia Technical Department - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to see what can be learned about efficient environmental policy by examining the U.S. experience with environmental regulation. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Author | : Maureen Cropper |
Publisher | : DIANE Publishing |
Total Pages | : 88 |
Release | : 1993-05 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9781568063706 |
Author | : Maureen L. Cropper |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 70 |
Release | : 1995 |
Genre | : Environmental health |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Robert S. Raucher |
Publisher | : American Water Works Association |
Total Pages | : 386 |
Release | : 2002 |
Genre | : Cost effectiveness |
ISBN | : 1583211926 |
To assist the implementation of benefit-cost analysis, this research report describes issues and techniques related to estimating the human health risk reduction benefits provided by actions that reduce contaminant concentrations in drinking water, and discusses how these benefits should be compared to costs. Material is relevant for evaluating the benefits and costs of federal and state regulatory actions such as setting a Maximum Contaminant Level, instituting treatment requirements, and implementing a guideline or advisory. The report will be of interest to water utility professionals, benefit- cost practitioners, and public policy decision makers. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
Author | : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 396 |
Release | : 1986 |
Genre | : Heart, Artificial |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Richard A. Chapman |
Publisher | : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |
Total Pages | : 193 |
Release | : 1993-02-15 |
Genre | : Political Science |
ISBN | : 0773591575 |
Specialists from the U.S., Canada, Britain, Australia and Sweden focus on topics from the field of public service ethics. They cover promotion of ethics, the teaching of ethics, freedom of information, trade unions, protection of human rights and legal aspects of public service ethics.
Author | : James R. Storey |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 1620 |
Release | : 1971 |
Genre | : China |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Selma J. Mushkin |
Publisher | : Elsevier |
Total Pages | : 386 |
Release | : 2013-10-22 |
Genre | : Health & Fitness |
ISBN | : 1483188930 |
Health: What Is It Worth?: Measures of Health Benefits is a collection of papers that tackles concerns in health care services and health benefit systems. The title first deals with the measure of health status, along with the policy that governs it and the results of contemporary biomedical research. The text also covers the approaches for the assessment of long-term care. The next part talks about valuing health and health benefits. Next, the selection deals with a method for the computation of the social rate of returns derived from investments in biomedical research. The last part discusses the concerns in health resource allocation. The book will be of great interest to the legislative bodies of governments, health officials, and health professionals.
Author | : Richard C. Porter |
Publisher | : Taylor & Francis |
Total Pages | : 317 |
Release | : 2010-09-30 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 113652438X |
In this concise, engaging, and provocative work, Richard Porter introduces readers to the economic tools that can be applied to problems involved in handling a diverse range of waste products from business and households. Emphasizing the impossibility of achieving a zero-risk environment, Porter focuses on the choices that apply in real world decisions about waste. Acknowledging that effective waste policy integrates knowledge from several disciplines, Porter focuses on the use of economic analysis to reveal the costs of different policies and therefore how much can be done to meet goals to protect human health and the environment. With abundant examples, he considers subjects such as landfills, incineration, and illegal disposal. He discusses the international trade in waste, the costs and benefits of recycling, and special topics such as hazardous materials, Superfund, and nuclear waste. While making clear his belief that not every form of waste presents the same amount of risk, Porter stresses the need for open-minded approaches to developing new policies. For students, policymakers, and general readers, he provides insight and accessibility to a subject that others might leave out-of-sight, out-of-mind, or buried under an impenetrable prose of statistics and jargon.