Preliminary Report On The Feasibility Of Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry To Image Localized Strain As A Discriminator Of Geothermal Resources
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| Author | : W. Foxall |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 30 |
| Release | : 2005 |
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Most producing geothermal fields and known geothermal resources in the Basin and Range province are associated with Quaternary active fault systems, within which hydrothermal fluids are presumed to circulate from depth to relatively shallow production levels through high permeability fractures. Research at the Dixie Valley field by Barton et al. (1997) indicates that hydraulically conductive fractures within the Stillwater fault zone are those that have orientations such that the fractures are critically stressed for normal shear failure under the regional tectonic stress field. In general, therefore, we might expect geothermal resources to occur in areas of high inter-seismic strain accumulation, and where faults are favorably oriented with respect to the regional strain tensor; in the case of Basin and Range normal faults, these would generally be faults striking normal to the direction of maximum extension. Expanding this hypothesis, Blewitt et al. (2003), based on preliminary, broad-scale analysis of regional strain and average fault strike in the northwestern Basin and Range, have proposed that geothermal resources occur in areas where fault-normal extension associated with shear strain is the greatest. Caskey and Wesnousky (2000) presented evidence that the Dixie Valley field occupies a 10 km-long gap between prehistoric Holocene ruptures of the fault segments on either side. Modeled maximum shear and Coulomb failure stress are high within the gap owing to the stress concentrations at the ends of the ruptures. These results suggest that a major contributing factor to the enhanced permeability at fault-hosted geothermal systems may be localized stress and strain concentrations within fault zone segments. This notion is generally consistent with the common occurrence of geothermal fields within fault offsets (pull-aparts) along strike-slip fault systems, where the local strain field has a large extensional component (e.g., Salton Sea and Coso). Blewitt et al. (2003) suggested that resources correlate with abrupt changes in fault orientation and with changes in the direction of extensional strain.
| Author | : Erik Vaughn Brawner |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 212 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : Coso Volcanic Field (Calif.) |
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Earth's surface movement may cause as a potential hazard to infrastructure and people. Associated earthquake hazards pose a potential side effect of geothermal activity. Modern remote sensing techniques known as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can measure surface change with a high degree of precision to mm scale movements. Previous work has identified a deformation anomaly within the Coso Geothermal site in eastern California. Surface changes have not been analyzed since the 1990s, allowing a decade of geothermal production impact to occur since previously assessed. In this study, InSAR data was acquired and analyzed between the years 2005 and 2010. Acquired by the ENVISAT satellite from both ascending and descending modes. This provides an independent dataset from previous work. Incorporating data generated from a new sensor covering a more modern temporal study period. Analysis of this time period revealed a subsidence anomaly in correlation with the extents of the geothermal production area under current operation. Maximum subsidence rates in the region reached approximately 3.8 cm/yr. A similar rate assessed from previous work throughout the 1990s. The correlation of subsidence patterns suggests a linear source of deformation from measurements spanning multiple decades. Regions of subsidence branch out from the main anomaly to the North-Northeast and to the South where additional significant peaks of subsidence occurring. The extents of the deformation anomaly directly correlate with the dispersal of geothermal production well site locations. Depressurization within the geothermal system provides a leading cause to surface subsidence from excessive extraction of hydrothermal fluids. As a result of minimal reinjection of production fluids.
| Author | : Jelena Tomić |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 288 |
| Release | : 2011 |
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| Author | : Deepak Manjunath |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 227 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Deformations (Mechanics) |
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Monitoring of ground deformation is a critical component of geotechnical engineering practice. This study investigated the application of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), using point target analysis (IPTA) for characterizing localized deformation features that are often associated with geotechnical engineering activities. In contrast to discrete point in-situ deformation measurement techniques, InSAR can be used to obtain a broader view of deformation processes at a site. Satellite data available for the time period of construction of the Los Angeles Metro Rail Red Line was utilized to characterize the technique in terms of dependence of the feasibility in its application on SAR image acquisition parameters. Additionally, a statistical assessment of the sensitivity of deformation rates and the associated standard errors to the size of the dataset analyzed was performed by analyzing randomly generated subsets of data. While the spatial and temporal signatures corresponding to tunneling during the construction of the Red Line were successfully detected, it was found that a minimum of twenty SAR acquisitions were required in order to constrain the deformation history of the study area. From the sensitivity analysis, it was found that the variability of the derived estimates of deformation parameters varied inversely as a function of the size of the dataset used for analysis.
| Author | : Krishna Vikas Gudipati |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 394 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Interferometry |
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This dissertation provides the first demonstration of scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) advanced interferometry processing for measuring surface deformation. ScanSAR data are synthesized from ERS-1/2 stripmap SAR images over known deformation in Phoenix, Arizona. The strategy is to construct a burst pattern similar to Envisat ScanSAR data and to create a realistic variable-burst synchronization scenario in which any image pair has at least 50% burst overlap. The Small Baseline Subsets technique is applied to the synthesized data to demonstrate ScanSAR time series analysis for a scenario generally conducive for interferometry. The same processing approach is employed with the stripmap data to validate the results. The differences in ScanSAR and stripmap velocities have a mean and standard deviation of 0.02"0.02 cm/year. 96.3% and 99.1% of the velocity differences are within "0.1 cm/year and "0.2 cm/year, respectively. The RMS deviations between the ScanSAR and stripmap displacement estimates are 0.40"0.30 cm. 68.5% and 94.6% of the differences are within "0.5 cm and "1.0 cm, respectively. The Permanent Scatterer (PS) technique also is adapted and applied to the synthesized data to demonstrate the presence of PS in ScanSAR data. The atmospheric and nonlinear motion phase derived from a PS analysis of stripmap data are removed from the ScanSAR interferograms. Even for this idealized scenario, the final PS identification yields fewer ScanSAR PS (10 PS/km2) than the stripmap PS results (312 PS/km2 or 15.6 PS/km2 at the ScanSAR pixel resolution). Based on the calculated likelihood of finding multiple stripmap PS within a ScanSAR pixel, it is concluded that the ScanSAR single scatterer PS model is flawed. A model is introduced that considers multiple PS within a ScanSAR pixel. The search for two PS per pixel yields 120 PS/km2. The ScanSAR and stripmap PS velocity differences mean is zero and standard deviation is 0.02 cm/year. However, while the differences between the ScanSAR and stripmap PS DEM error estimates are zero-mean, they have a 7-meter standard deviation. One possible explanation for this relatively large deviation is the differencing of the wrong ScanSAR and stripmap PS as the result of a misalignment between the ScanSAR and stripmap images.
| Author | : |
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| Total Pages | : 11 |
| Release | : 2003 |
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We used synthetic aperture radar interferograms to image ground subsidence that occurred over the Dixie Valley geothermal field during different time intervals between 1992 and 1997. Linear elastic inversion of the subsidence that occurred between April, 1996 and March, 1997 revealed that the dominant sources of deformation during this time period were large changes in fluid volumes at shallow depths within the valley fill above the reservoir. The distributions of subsidence and subsurface volume change support a model in which reduction in pressure and volume of hot water discharging into the valley fill from localized upflow along the Stillwater range frontal fault is caused by drawdown within the upflow zone resulting from geothermal production. Our results also suggest that an additional source of fluid volume reduction in the shallow valley fill might be similar drawdown within piedmont fault zones. Shallow groundwater flow in the vicinity of the field appears to be controlled on the NW by a mapped fault and to the SW by a lineament of as yet unknown origin.
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| Release | : 2013 |
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| Release | : 2006 |
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We used synthetic aperture radar interferograms to imageground subsidence that occurred over the Dixie Valley geothermal fieldduring different time intervals between 1992 and 1997. Linear elasticinversion of the subsidence that occurred between April, 1996 and March,1997 revealed that the dominant sources of deformation during this timeperiod were large changes in fluid volumes at shallow depths within thevalley fill above the reservoir. The distributions of subsidence andsubsurface volume change support a model in which reduction in pressureand volume of hot water discharging into the valley fill from localizedupflow along the Stillwater range frontal fault is caused by drawdownwithin the upflow zone resulting from geothermal production. Our resultsalso suggest that an additional source of fluid volume reduction in theshallow valley fill might be similar drawdown within piedmont faultzones. Shallow groundwater flow in the vicinity of the field appears tobe controlled on the NW by a mapped fault and to the SW by a lineament ofas yet unknown origin.
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| Total Pages | : 0 |
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| Author | : Chen Yu |
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| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2019 |
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