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| Author | : Kathleen Klaus |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 375 |
| Release | : 2020-05-28 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 1108488501 |
An analysis of land and natural resource conflict as a source of political violence, focusing on election violence in Kenya.
| Author | : Kathleen Klaus |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 373 |
| Release | : 2022-06-30 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 9781108726467 |
Examining a key puzzle in the study of electoral violence, this study asks how elites organize violence and why ordinary citizens participate. While existing theories of electoral violence emphasize weak institutions, ethnic cleavages, and the strategic use of violence, few specify how the political incentives of elites interact with the interests of ordinary citizens. Providing a new theory of electoral violence, Kathleen F. Klaus analyzes violence as a process of mobilization that requires coordination between elites and ordinary citizens. Drawing on fifteen months of fieldwork in Kenya, including hundreds of interviews and an original survey, Political Violence in Kenya argues that where land shapes livelihood and identity, and tenure institutions are weak, land, and narratives around land, serve as a key device around which elites and citizens coordinate the use of violence. By examining local-level variation during Kenya's 2007-8 post-election violence, Klaus demonstrates how land struggles structure the dynamics of contentious politics and violence.
| Author | : Kathleen Klaus |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 375 |
| Release | : 2020-05-28 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 1108802648 |
Examining a key puzzle in the study of electoral violence, this study asks how elites organize violence and why ordinary citizens participate. While existing theories of electoral violence emphasize weak institutions, ethnic cleavages, and the strategic use of violence, few specify how the political incentives of elites interact with the interests of ordinary citizens. Providing a new theory of electoral violence, Kathleen F. Klaus analyzes violence as a process of mobilization that requires coordination between elites and ordinary citizens. Drawing on fifteen months of fieldwork in Kenya, including hundreds of interviews and an original survey, Political Violence in Kenya argues that where land shapes livelihood and identity, and tenure institutions are weak, land, and narratives around land, serve as a key device around which elites and citizens coordinate the use of violence. By examining local-level variation during Kenya's 2007–8 post-election violence, Klaus demonstrates how land struggles structure the dynamics of contentious politics and violence.
| Author | : Westen K. Shilaho |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 197 |
| Release | : 2017-10-02 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 3319652958 |
This book discusses Kenya’s transition from authoritarianism to more democratic forms of politics and its impact on Kenya’s multi-ethnic society. The author examines two significant questions: Why and how is ethnicity salient in Kenya’s transition from one-party rule to multiparty politics? What is the relationship between ethnic conflict and political liberalization? The project explains the perennial issues of political disorganization through state violence and ethnicization of politics, and considers the significance of the concept of justice in Kenya.
| Author | : Mimmi Söderberg Kovacs |
| Publisher | : Zed Books Ltd. |
| Total Pages | : 433 |
| Release | : 2018-04-15 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 1786992310 |
Multiparty elections have become the bellwether by which all democracies are judged, and the spread of these systems across Africa has been widely hailed as a sign of the continent’s progress towards stability and prosperity. But such elections bring their own challenges, particularly the often intense internecine violence following disputed results. While the consequences of such violence can be profound, undermining the legitimacy of the democratic process and in some cases plunging countries into civil war or renewed dictatorship, little is known about the causes. By mapping, analysing and comparing instances of election violence in different localities across Africa – including Kenya, Ivory Coast and Uganda – this collection of detailed case studies sheds light on the underlying dynamics and sub-national causes behind electoral conflicts, revealing them to be the result of a complex interplay between democratisation and the older, patronage-based system of ‘Big Man’ politics. Essential for scholars and policymakers across the social sciences and humanities interested in democratization, peace-keeping and peace studies, Violence in African Elections provides important insights into why some communities prove more prone to electoral violence than others, offering practical suggestions for preventing violence through improved electoral monitoring, voter education, and international assistance.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 898 |
| Release | : 2015 |
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This dissertation is a study of local-level variation in electoral violence. Kenya has experienced recurring and large-scale violence, yet there are striking differences in the sites and scale of violence within each electoral period. Why does violence escalate in some contexts of Kenya, and not others? Elite-centered approaches to election-violence have identified important cross-national and temporal patterns, yet overlook how the electoral incentives of elites interact with the interests and motives of ordinary citizens. As a result, most studies do not identify the local dynamics that underlie the process and organization of electoral violence---both where it escalates and where it does not. The dissertation demonstrates that variation in land rights between groups shapes the process and patterns of electoral violence across Kenya. By focusing on the politics of land security, I identify the mechanisms that link the motives and methods of elites with the interests of ordinary citizens. I argue that the escalation of violence is a process that relies jointly on three main factors: 1) land rights inequality between "insiders" and "outsiders," 2) contentious land narratives between these two groups, and 3) the ability of political elites to use these narratives as a tool to organize election violence. Electoral violence is much more likely when elites can draw on land narratives to convince followers that elections present a credible threat to land rights or an opportunity to re-claim land. The evidence for this dissertation draws from 15 months of multi-method research that I conducted in Kenya. The first stage of the research is a micro-comparative case study across government settlement farms and land buying cooperatives (LBCs) in the Rift Valley and Coast regions. In total, I interviewed 230 ordinary Kenyans and conducted twenty focus groups. The second stage is a household-level survey that I designed and administered to 750 Kenyans. The survey measures individual-level land security, belief in contentious land narratives, and election violence, while accounting for other factors.
| Author | : Gabrielle Lynch |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 312 |
| Release | : 2011-09-26 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0226498093 |
In 2007 a disputed election in Kenya erupted into a two-month political crisis that led to the deaths of more than a thousand people and the displacement of almost seven hundred thousand. Much of the violence fell along ethnic lines, the principal perpetrators of which were the Kalenjin, who lashed out at other communities in the Rift Valley. What makes this episode remarkable compared to many other instances of ethnic violence is that the Kalenjin community is a recent construct: the group has only existed since the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on rich archival research and vivid oral testimony, I Say to You is a timely analysis of the creation, development, political relevance, and popular appeal of the Kalenjin identity as well as its violent potential. Uncovering the Kalenjin’s roots, Gabrielle Lynch examines the ways in which ethnic groups are socially constructed and renegotiated over time. She demonstrates how historical narratives of collective achievement, migration, injustice, and persecution constantly evolve. As a consequence, ethnic identities help politicians mobilize support and help ordinary people lay claim to space, power, and wealth. This kind of ethnic politics, Lynch reveals, encourages a sense of ethnic difference and competition, which can spiral into violent confrontation and retribution.
| Author | : David M. Anderson |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 440 |
| Release | : 2017-10-02 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 1317539516 |
Over the fifty years between 1940 and 1990, the countries of eastern Africa were embroiled in a range of debilitating and destructive conflicts, starting with the wars of independence, but then incorporating rebellion, secession and local insurrection as the Cold War replaced colonialism. The articles gathered here illustrate how significant, widespread, and dramatic this violence was. In these years, violence was used as a principal instrument in the creation and consolidation of the authority of the state; and it was also regularly and readily utilised by those who wished to challenge state authority through insurrection and secession. Why was it that eastern Africa should have experienced such extensive and intensive violence in the fifty years before 1990? Was this resort to violence a consequence of imperial rule, the legacy of oppressive colonial domination under a coercive and non-representative state system? Did essential contingencies such as the Cold War provoke and promote the use of violence? Or, was it a choice made by Africans themselves and their leaders, a product of their own agency? This book focuses on these turbulent decades, exploring the principal conflicts in six key countries – Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Tanzania. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Eastern African Studies.
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"Kenya: Post-election Political Violence" (ISBN: 1-870798-94-5) is a report that was written by Edge Kanyongolo and Jon Lunn and edited by Richard Carver and Njonjo Mue. Article 19, a United Kingdom organization that promotes freedom of expression worldwide, originally published the report in December 1998 and presents the online version. The authors highlight the ethnic clashes that broke out in Kenya following the December 1997 general elections and note the importance of land reform, impartiality of the judicial process, and an improvement in ethnic relations as a means to prevent political violence in the country.
