Policies And Procedures For Competition In Girls And Womens Sports
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Author | : American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. Division for Girls and Women's Sports |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 6 |
Release | : 1958 |
Genre | : Sports for women |
ISBN | : |
Author | : American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. Division for Girls and Women's Sports |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 12 |
Release | : 1964 |
Genre | : Sports |
ISBN | : |
Author | : United States Commission on Civil Rights |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 104 |
Release | : 1980 |
Genre | : Discrimination in sports |
ISBN | : |
This publication reviews the history of women and girls in athletics, assesses the current status of female participation in high school and college competitive athletics, and summarizes recent policy interpretations by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (dhew) of Title ix of the Education Amendments of 1972. The historical review focuses on American attitudes toward female physicality from the Victorian era to the present. Current obstacles to female participation in sports are identified as sex stereotyping of athletics as unfeminine, the idea that females should not engage in strenuous activity, and discrimination in the allocation of resources for sports. The role of Title ix (which prohibits sex discrimination in Federally-assisted education programs) in ameliorating discrimination in athletics is explained. Changes in female participation in competitive athletics since 1970 are described and related to the implementation of Title ix. Participation figures, by sex, are presented separately for high schools, two year colleges, and four year colleges, and are broken down individually for football, baseball/softball, basketball, tennis, and track. Also described are college budget allocations for men's and women's intercollegiate sports. Appended to the report are statistical tables and discussions and regulations concerning DHEW's jurisdiction under Title ix. (Gc).
Author | : American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. Division for Girls and Women's Sports. Committee on Standards |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 74 |
Release | : 1969 |
Genre | : Sports for women |
ISBN | : |
Author | : American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. Division for Girls and Women's Sports |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 72 |
Release | : 1961 |
Genre | : Sports for women |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 690 |
Release | : 1957 |
Genre | : Health |
ISBN | : |
Author | : S.R. Sharma |
Publisher | : Mittal Publications |
Total Pages | : 524 |
Release | : 1994 |
Genre | : Physical education and training |
ISBN | : 9788170995685 |
Author | : Janet B. Parks |
Publisher | : Lulu.com |
Total Pages | : 404 |
Release | : 2010 |
Genre | : Sports & Recreation |
ISBN | : 0557908183 |
Also available from Lulu.com in a CD version in .pdf format.
Author | : Jaime Schultz |
Publisher | : University of Illinois Press |
Total Pages | : 305 |
Release | : 2014-03-15 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 0252095960 |
This perceptive, lively study explores U.S. women's sport through historical "points of change": particular products or trends that dramatically influenced both women's participation in sport and cultural responses to women athletes. Beginning with the seemingly innocent ponytail, the subject of the Introduction, scholar Jaime Schultz challenges the reader to look at the historical and sociological significance of now-common items such as sports bras and tampons and ideas such as sex testing and competitive cheerleading. Tennis wear, tampons, and sports bras all facilitated women’s participation in physical culture, while physical educators, the aesthetic fitness movement, and Title IX encouraged women to challenge (or confront) policy, financial, and cultural obstacles. While some of these points of change increased women's physical freedom and sporting participation, they also posed challenges. Tampons encouraged menstrual shame, sex testing (a tool never used with male athletes) perpetuated narrowly-defined cultural norms of femininity, and the late-twentieth-century aesthetic fitness movement fed into an unrealistic beauty ideal. Ultimately, Schultz finds that U.S. women's sport has progressed significantly but ambivalently. Although participation in sports is no longer uncommon for girls and women, Schultz argues that these "points of change" have contributed to a complex matrix of gender differentiation that marks the female athletic body as different than--as less than--the male body, despite the advantages it may confer.
Author | : Martha H. Verbrugge |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2012-06-06 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 0199890374 |
During the twentieth century, opportunities for exercise and sports grew significantly for girls and women in the United States. Among the key figures who influenced this revolution were female physical educators. Drawing on extensive archival research, Active Bodies examines the ideas, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including coed and single-sex, public and private, and predominantly white and historically black institutions. Working primarily with female students, women physical educators had to consider what an active female could and should do in comparison to boys and men. Applying concepts of sex differences, they debated the implications of female anatomy, physiology, reproductive functions, and psychosocial traits for achieving gender parity in the gym. Teachers' interpretations were conditioned by the places where they worked, as well as developments in education, feminism, and the law, society's changing attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, and scientific controversies over the nature and significance of sex differences. While deliberating fairness for their students, women physical educators also pursued equity for themselves, as their workplaces and nascent profession often marginalized female and minority personnel. Questions of difference and equity divided the field throughout the century; while some teachers favored moderate views and incremental change, others promoted justice for their students and themselves by exerting authority at their schools, critiquing traditional concepts of "difference," and devising innovative curricula. Exploring physical education within and beyond the gym, Active Bodies sheds new light on the enduring complexities of difference and equity in American culture.