Physiological Systems And Their Responses To Conditions Of Heat And Cold
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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 29 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Individuals exercise and work in a wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, sun, wind, rain, other water) Depending upon the environmental conditions, metabolic rate, and clothing, exercise can accentuate either heat gain or heat loss, causing body temperature to rise or fall. Humans normally regulate body (core) temperatures near 37 degrees C and fluctuations within the narrow range of 35 to 41 degrees C can degrade exercise performance. Fluctuations outside that range can be lethal. Therefore, heat or cold stress can have profound effects on exercise capability as well as morbidity and mortality. In this chapter the term exercise refers to dynamic exercise, and training refers to repeated days of exercise in a specific modality. Throughout this chapter, stress refers to environmental exercise conditions tending to influence the body's heat content and strain refers to physiological consequences of stress. The magnitude of stress and the resulting strain depends upon the complex interaction of environmental factors (e.g. ambient conditions, clothing), the individual's biological characteristics (e.g., acclimatization status, body size) and exercise task (e.g., metabolic rate, duration). Acclimatization refers to adaptations to both natural (acclimatization) and artificial (acclimation) environmental conditions. This chapter examines the effects of both heat stress and cold stress on physiological responses and exercise capabilities. Human thermoregulation during exercise is addressed, but more detailed reviews on human thermoregulation during environmental stress can be found elsewhere. This chapter includes information on pathogenesis of exertional heat illness and exertional hypothermia, since exercise can increase morbidity and mortality from thermal injury. In this chapter, the focus is on acute and chronic (acclimatization) environmental exposure.
| Author | : Charles M. Tipton |
| Publisher | : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
| Total Pages | : 730 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780781747264 |
Written by international experts in physiology, exercise physiology, and research, ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology gives students an advanced level of understanding of exercise physiology. It emphasizes the acute and chronic effects of exercise on various physiological systems in adults and the integrative nature of these physiological responses. Chapters detail how different body systems respond to exercise. Systems include nervous, skeletal, muscular, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic, endocrine, immune, renal, and hematopoietic systems. Additional chapters explain how these responses are altered by heat, cold, hypoxia, microgravity, bed rest, and hyperbaria. Milestones of Discovery pages describe classic or memorable experiments in exercise physiology.
| Author | : Clark M. Blatteis |
| Publisher | : World Scientific |
| Total Pages | : 316 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9789810231729 |
This is a user-friendly monograph designed for medical students as well as graduate students and postdoctoral trainees in medicine and other health-related sciences who need a comprehensive overview of thermoregulation. It presents the bases of the modern concepts in thermal physiology and pathophysiology, bringing together the disciplines encompassed by this highly integrative field ? physiology, anatomy, biophysics, molecular and cellular biology, pharmacology, neuroscience, pathology, medicine, and others ? into a clear and concise form that can be read comfortably in a relatively short time. This text was conceived by the Commission on Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences in response to its concern over the inadequate and outdated coverage of this topic in traditional textbooks. The membership of this Commission comprises international experts in each of the subfields of thermal physiology, with extensive research and teaching experience in their respective specialties. They are the authors of the chapters of this indispendable textbook.
| Author | : M. Kosaka |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 556 |
| Release | : 2013-04-17 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 4431670351 |
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the multitude of different forms of thermotherapy in connection with aspects of thermal physiology and cell biology. The aim is to elucidate the scientific background of therapeutic actions and to promote effective new applications at the beginning of the 21st century. Significant to these purposes is cooperation between experts in the fields of thermal biology, hyper thermic oncology, rheumatology, and balneology, as represented by the editors. Emphasis has been placed on a balanced choice of contributions, in the hope that this will enable the reader to draw helpful connections between the principles and prac tice of thermotherapy. It is apparent that a wealth of published data exists concerning thermotherapy on the one hand and thermal physiology on the other. However, in the former field empirical aspects of therapeutic usefulness prevail, while in the latter, aspects of basic science are in the foreground. Accordingly, the sources where published data may be found are quite different and as a consequence many findings of potential mutual interest published in medical journals have gone unnoticed by readers of physio logical journals, and vice versa. It is hoped that this book will bridge the gap and encourage researchers' efforts to integrate the available knowledge to attain optimal coordination of clinical and theoretical aspects.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 584 |
| Release | : 1996-05-15 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309175593 |
This book reviews the research pertaining to nutrient requirements for working in cold or in high-altitude environments and states recommendations regarding the application of this information to military operational rations. It addresses whether, aside from increased energy demands, cold or high-altitude environments elicit an increased demand or requirement for specific nutrients, and whether performance in cold or high-altitude environments can be enhanced by the provision of increased amounts of specific nutrients.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 303 |
| Release | : 1999-08-04 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309172764 |
The activities of the Food and Nutrition Board's Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR, the committee) have been supported since 1994 by grant DAMD17-94-J-4046 from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC). This report fulfills the final reporting requirement of the grant, and presents a summary of activities for the grant period from December 1, 1994 through May 31, 1999. During this grant period, the CMNR has met from three to six times each year in response to issues that are brought to the committee through the Military Nutrition and Biochemistry Division of the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine at Natick, Massachusetts, and the Military Operational Medicine Program of USAMRMC at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The CMNR has submitted five workshop reports (plus two preliminary reports), including one that is a joint project with the Subcommittee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women; three letter reports, and one brief report, all with recommendations, to the Commander, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, since September 1995 and has a brief report currently in preparation. These reports are summarized in the following activity report with synopses of additional topics for which reports were deferred pending completion of military research in progress. This activity report includes as appendixes the conclusions and recommendations from the nine reports and has been prepared in a fashion to allow rapid access to committee recommendations on the topics covered over the time period.
| Author | : Julien D. Périard |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 296 |
| Release | : 2019-03-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3319935151 |
The book is designed to provide a flowing description of the physiology of heat stress, the illnesses associated with heat exposure, recommendations on optimising health and performance, and an examination of Olympic sports played in potentially hot environmental conditions. In the first section the book examines how heat stress effects performance by outlining the basics of thermoregulation and how these responses impact on cardiovascular, central nervous system, and skeletal muscle function. It also outlines the pathophysiology and treatment of exertional heat illness, as well as the role of hydration status during exercise in the heat. Thereafter, countermeasures (e.g. cooling and heat acclimation) are covered and an explanation as to how they may aid in decreasing the incidence of heat illness and minimise the impairment in performance is provided. A novel and particular feature of the book is its inclusion of sport-specific chapters in which the influence of heat stress on performance and health is described, as well as strategies and policies adopted by the governing bodies in trying to offset the deleterious role of thermal strain. Given the breadth and scope of the sections, the book will be a reference guide for clinicians, practitioners, coaches, athletes, researchers, and students.
| Author | : Anselm Bräuer |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 219 |
| Release | : 2017-06-08 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1108509797 |
This practical text offers a comprehensive guide to perioperative temperature management for anaesthetists, surgeons and nurses. The physiological basics of thermoregulation and heat exchange are covered, before the changes that occur during general and regional anaesthesia are outlined. The relevant adverse scenarios associated with perioperative hypothermia, including morbid cardiac events, impairment of coagulation, increased blood loss and surgical site infections are discussed, before the methods of measuring core temperature and the equipment and techniques to keep patients warm are described. Richly illustrated and clearly structured for quick reference, Perioperative Temperature Management is an essential daily resource to help ensure safe, effective practice.
| Author | : I. Assenmacher |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 344 |
| Release | : 2013-03-07 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3642669816 |
From 11 to 15 July 1977 about 60 physiologists, endo crinologists, ecologists and other biologists from 14 countries convened at the University Montpellier for a symposium on Environmental Endocrinology. This meet ing was organized as a Satellite Symposium of the 27th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Paris, 18-23 July 1977. This volume is a record of the com munications presented at the symposium. The objectives of the program were to examine the role of the endocrine system in a wide spectrum of adjustments and adaptations to changes in environmental conditions by various spe cies of animals, including man, and to promote an ex change of ideas among investigators who have approached these functions from diverse aspects. The diversity of the information and ideas communicated is great. Of necessity, they represent only an extremely modest se lection of the many facets of endocrine function in the interaction of animals with their environments. Be yond the usefulness of the communications individually, we hope that they collectively demonstrate the substan tial heuristic value of the concept of environmental endocrinology as it was perceived by the participants. We acknowledge gratefully the kindness and sympathy of Professor Jaques ROUZAUD, President of the University of Montpellier II, for his generous extension of the hospitality of the University to the Symposium. We are most grateful to Mrs. Monique VIEU who effected so well the secretarial organization of the Sympos.
| Author | : Zachary J. Schlader |
| Publisher | : Biota Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 106 |
| Release | : 2018-07-17 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1615047794 |
Environmental heat stress is associated with a marked decrease in orthostatic tolerance (OT), which is defined as the ability to stand or sit upright without symptoms of dizziness, lightheadedness, presyncope, or fainting. In most healthy humans, the autonomic nervous system makes rapid and balanced adjustments to heart rate and peripheral blood flow, such that most people are able to stand up "successfully" most of the time, in most environments. The goal of this book is to discuss various aspects of the sympathetic neural response to heat stress, how the sympathetic nervous system coordinates the successful integrative physiological response to orthostasis, and what happens when it encounters both challenges simultaneously. We include overviews of mechanisms of thermoregulation and blood pressure regulation in humans, with particular focus on control of cardiac output and neurovascular control mechanisms during heat stress. We discuss the implications that these changes have for distribution of peripheral blood flow and, in particular, for blood flow to the cerebral circulation. The added stressor of dehydration is also discussed, as it so often goes hand in hand with heat stress. We end with a brief presentation of countermeasures against the decreases in OT with heat stress.
