Patent Medicines
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| Author | : Emmanuel Kolawole Oke |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 185 |
| Release | : 2022-03-03 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 1108654037 |
Patent rights on pharmaceutical products are one of the factors responsible for the lack of access to affordable medicines in developing countries. In this work, Emmanuel Kolawole Oke provides a systematic analysis of the tension between patent rights and human rights law, contending that, in order to preserve their patent policy space and secure access to affordable medicines for their citizens, developing countries should incorporate a model of human rights into the design, implementation, interpretation, and enforcement of their national patent laws. Through a comprehensive analysis of court decisions from three key developing countries (India, Kenya, and South Africa), Oke assesses the effectiveness of national courts in resolving conflicts between patent rights and the right to health, and demonstrates how a model of human rights can be incorporated into the adjudication of patent rights.
| Author | : Jake Fratkin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 1358 |
| Release | : 2001 |
| Genre | : Herbs |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Van Anh Le |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 192 |
| Release | : 2021-10-06 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 3030841936 |
This timely monograph focuses on India and Brazil’s use of compulsory licensing, one of the most significant and controversial TRIPS flexibilities. This is a topical work at this critical time when the COVID-19 has stirred up the debate about compulsory licensing and access to medicines. A closer look into the historical use of compulsory licences in certain countries can offer some takeaways for the current situation. The author studies historical developments and political conditions of the patent system and compulsory licensing from the earliest stage to the modern arena, with a great emphasis on TRIPS. After conducting a cross-national study of India and Brazil, the book moves on to evaluate the different philosophies on compulsory licensing of multilateral organizations such as the EU, the WIPO, the WTO, and NGOs. This important book will strongly appeal to intellectual property students, academics, policymakers, and lawyers practicing in the area. It will also be of interest to academics working in the areas of international law, development, and public health as well as state actors and others with relevant concerns working in multilateral organizations.
| Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 235 |
| Release | : 2018-03-01 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309468086 |
Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 144 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Veterinary drugs |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Huaqiang Zhai |
| Publisher | : World Scientific |
| Total Pages | : 187 |
| Release | : 2021-04-20 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9811227896 |
COVID-19 is a severe and complex epidemic ravaging many countries. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated rich experience and achieved outstanding effects in its struggle against epidemics for thousands of years. As an essential intervention means for prevention and control of COVID-19, TCM boasts significant effects in relieving fever symptoms, slowing down disease progression, preventing disease transformation, reducing hormone dosage, and alleviating complications. Establishing and improving the emergency supply service mode of Chinese medicine in response to public health emergencies, and scientifically managing and allocating Chinese medicine medical resources are conducive to establishing a green channel for the emergency supply of Chinese medicine in response to major public health emergencies.This book focuses on the four oral Chinese patent medicines used in the clinical treatment period based on the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 by the National Health Commission and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China.This work is not only an important part of the theoretical system of TCM treatment based on syndrome differentiation but also an effective way to promote an even deeper integration of clinical pharmaceutical service and clinical medical practice.
| Author | : Joseph M. Gabriel |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 345 |
| Release | : 2014-10-24 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 022610821X |
During most of the nineteenth century, physicians and pharmacists alike considered medical patenting and the use of trademarks by drug manufacturers unethical forms of monopoly; physicians who prescribed patented drugs could be, and were, ostracized from the medical community. In the decades following the Civil War, however, complex changes in patent and trademark law intersected with the changing sensibilities of both physicians and pharmacists to make intellectual property rights in drug manufacturing scientifically and ethically legitimate. By World War I, patented and trademarked drugs had become essential to the practice of good medicine, aiding in the rise of the American pharmaceutical industry and forever altering the course of medicine. Drawing on a wealth of previously unused archival material, Medical Monopoly combines legal, medical, and business history to offer a sweeping new interpretation of the origins of the complex and often troubling relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice today. Joseph M. Gabriel provides the first detailed history of patent and trademark law as it relates to the nineteenth-century pharmaceutical industry as well as a unique interpretation of medical ethics, therapeutic reform, and the efforts to regulate the market in pharmaceuticals before World War I. His book will be of interest not only to historians of medicine and science and intellectual property scholars but also to anyone following contemporary debates about the pharmaceutical industry, the patenting of scientific discoveries, and the role of advertising in the marketplace.
| Author | : Ellen F. M. 't Hoen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 181 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9789079700851 |
Millions of people around the world do not have access to the medicines they need to treat disease or alleviate suffering. Strict patent regimes introduced following the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 interfere with widespread access to medicines by creating monopolies that keep medicines prices well out of reach for many. 0The AIDS crisis in the late nineties brought access to medicines challenges to the public?s attention, when millions of people in developing countries died from an illness for which medicines existed, but were not available or affordable. Faced with an unprecedented health crisis ? 8,000 people dying daily ? the public health community launched an unprecedented global effort that eventually resulted in the large-scale availability of low-priced generic HIV medicines. 0But now, high prices of new medicines - for example, for cancer, tuberculosis and hepatitis C - are limiting access to treatment in low-, middle and high-income countries alike. Patent-based monopolies affect almost all medicines developed since 1995 in most countries, and global health policy is now at a critical juncture if the world is to avoid new access to medicines crises. 0This book discusses lessons learned from the HIV/AIDS crisis, and asks whether actions taken to extend access and save lives are exclusive to HIV or can be applied more broadly to new global access challenges.
| Author | : Will MacLean |
| Publisher | : Pangolin Press |
| Total Pages | : 966 |
| Release | : 2000 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0646408003 |
This is the eBook version of the third edition (October 2016) of the Clinical Manual of Chinese Herbal Medicines. The content is identical except for the use of color in the eVersion. The content describes the actions, indications, dosages and potential combinations of over 330 medicines. Since the first edition, published in 2000, the number of medicines available in the marketplace has expanded considerably. New companies have entered the market, and some previously available medicines have disappeared. Patent medicines are, for many practitioners, the cornerstone of herbal medicine practice. The author believes that patent medicines, carefully and correctly applied, can be as effective as raw herb decoctions for many common conditions. In addition they have numerous advantages, not the least of which are improved compliance, relatively low cost to the patient, and a high degree of quality control. The Clinical Manual of Chinese Herbal Patent Medicines is the most up to date text on what is actually available in the market and what is good and of good quality. It is an essential addition to the desk and bookshelf of all serious practitioners and students of Chinese medicine. In addition to the government registered medicines available in Australia, the details a number of classical prescriptions currently available only in the US and Europe. One of the nicest features of the text is its use of small icons in the left margin to indicate use information. Each formula is discussed in terms of its TCM Actions, Biomedical actions, Indications, Composition, Combinations, Dose and Method of Administration, and Cautions and Contraindications. A specially nice feature are the line drawings of persons illustrating elements of the patterns. These are often expressive of the adittudinal and psychological characteristics of those matching the pattern indicated.
| Author | : Alan Mackintosh |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 328 |
| Release | : 2017-12-04 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3319697781 |
In this book, the ownership, distribution and sale of patent medicines across Georgian England are explored for the first time, transforming our understanding of healthcare provision and the use of the printed word in that era. Patent medicines constituted a national industry which was largely popular, reputable and stable, not the visible manifestation of dishonest quackery as described later by doctors and many historians. Much of the distribution, promotion and sale of patent medicines was centrally controlled with directed advertising, specialisation, fixed prices and national procedures, and for the first time we can see the detailed working of a national market for a class of Georgian consumer goods. Furthermore, contemporaries were aware that changes in the consumers’ ‘imagination’ increased the benefits of patent medicines above the effects of their pharmaceutical components. As the imagination was altered by the printed word, print can be considered as an essential ingredient of patent medicines. This book will challenge the assumptions of all those interested in the medical, business or print history of the period.
