Parallel Currency Markets In Developing Countries
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| Author | : International Monetary Fund |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 52 |
| Release | : 1990-12-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451943229 |
The paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical developments in the analysis of informal currency markets in developing countries. The basic characteristics of these markets are highlighted, and alternative analytical models to explain them are discussed. The implications for exchange rate policy —including imposition of foreign exchange restrictions, devaluation, and unification of exchange markets— in countries with a sizable parallel market are also examined.
| Author | : Miguel Alberto Kiguel |
| Publisher | : Palgrave MacMillan |
| Total Pages | : 426 |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
The evidence of black market exchange rate systems and their impact on macroeconomic performance is well documented in this fully researched study of the problem. The book offers policy conclusions after assessing the evidence.
| Author | : Ernesto May |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 168 |
| Release | : 1985 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
This paper provides a theoretical framework to understand the way in which exchange controls modify the behavior of the different agents in the economy, leading to the creation of a parallel market economy. It gives the necessary theoretical elements to analyze this parallel market economy and provides a simple methodology to obtain relevant quantitative information about it. Finally, the paper elaborates on some of the policy implications of the existence of a parallel market economy. The model developed shows that the parallel market activities can be explained through the optimizing behavior of exporters and importers, which determines the amount of import and export smuggling, the level of the rent-seeking activity, and the black market exchange rate that is consistent with an equilibrium position where no one has any more incentives to move from their attained position. A method to detect the presence, and assess the magnitude of the parallel market economy, as well as to explain its behavior quantitatively, is then developed and applied to the case of Ghana.
| Author | : Mr.Simon T Gray |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 45 |
| Release | : 2021-02-05 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1513568639 |
Some central banks have maintained overvalued official exchange rates, while unable to ensure that supply of foreign exchange meets legitimate demand for current account transactions at that price. A parallel exchange rate market develops, in such circumstances; and when the spread between the official and parallel rates is both substantial and sustained, price levels in the economy typically reflect the parallel market exchange rate. “Recognizing reality” by allowing economic agents to use a market clearing rate benefits economic activity without necessarily leading to more inflation. But a unified, market-clearing exchange rate will not stabilize without a supportive fiscal and monetary context. A number of country case studies are included; my thanks to Jie Ren for pulling together all the data for the country case studies, and the production of the charts.
| Author | : Georgina M Gomez |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 255 |
| Release | : 2015-10-06 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1317316355 |
Analyzes the rise and fall of the Red de Trueque (launched in 1995 by a group of environmentalists who exchanged goods and services at their own 'market' using a system of mutual credit) in Argentina. This book identifies rules of governance and sustainability for institutional settings in which state regulation is minimal.
| Author | : Mr.Mohsin S. Khan |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 40 |
| Release | : 1992-01-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451931301 |
This paper examines the relative demands for domestic and foreign currency deposits by residents of developing countries. A dynamic currency substitution model that incorporates forward-looking rational expectations is formulated and then estimated for a group of ten developing countries. The results indicate that the foreign rate of interest and the expected rate of depreciation of the parallel market exchange rate are important factors in the choice between holding domestic money or switching to foreign currency deposits held abroad. From an empirical standpoint, the forward-looking framework adopted here also turns out to be superior to the conventional currency-substitution model.
| Author | : Pierre-Richard Agénor |
| Publisher | : International Finance Section Department of Econ Ton Univers |
| Total Pages | : 48 |
| Release | : 1992 |
| Genre | : Foreign exchange |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Camila Casas |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 62 |
| Release | : 2017-11-22 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484330609 |
Most trade is invoiced in very few currencies. Despite this, the Mundell-Fleming benchmark and its variants focus on pricing in the producer’s currency or in local currency. We model instead a ‘dominant currency paradigm’ for small open economies characterized by three features: pricing in a dominant currency; pricing complementarities, and imported input use in production. Under this paradigm: (a) the terms-of-trade is stable; (b) dominant currency exchange rate pass-through into export and import prices is high regardless of destination or origin of goods; (c) exchange rate pass-through of non-dominant currencies is small; (d) expenditure switching occurs mostly via imports, driven by the dollar exchange rate while exports respond weakly, if at all; (e) strengthening of the dominant currency relative to non-dominant ones can negatively impact global trade; (f) optimal monetary policy targets deviations from the law of one price arising from dominant currency fluctuations, in addition to the inflation and output gap. Using data from Colombia we document strong support for the dominant currency paradigm.
| Author | : Yasuo Murata |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 439 |
| Release | : 2014-05-10 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1483271293 |
Economic Theory and Mathematical Economics: Mathematics for Stability and Optimization of Economic Systems provides information pertinent to the stability aspects and optimization methods relevant to various economic systems. This book presents relevant mathematical theorems sufficient to develop important economic systems, including Leontief input–output systems, Keynesian dynamic models, the Ramsey optimal accumulation systems, and von Neumann expanding economic systems. Organized into two parts encompassing nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of useful theorems on matrices, eigenvalue problems, and matrices with dominant diagonals and P-matrices. This text then explores the linear transformations on vector spaces. Other chapters consider the Hawkins–Simon theorem concerning non-negative linear systems. This book discusses as well the dual linear relations and optimization methods applicable to inequality economic systems. The final chapter deals with powerful optimal control method for dynamical systems. This book is a valuable resource for mathematicians, economists, research workers, and graduate students.
| Author | : Subrata Ghatak |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 302 |
| Release | : 2007 |
| Genre | : Monetary policy |
| ISBN | : 9780230003330 |
This book highlights the basic principles of monetary economics and their application to developing countries. Fully illustrated and written in an accessible style, it will be an attractive to students wanting to understand the economic aspects of development and those researching in the area The new edition includes four entirely new chapters, with material on financial crises, the debates surrounding inflation targeting, and examination of the role and future of financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the IMF.
