The Packers and Stockyards Act was passed in 1921 in response to concerns that, among other things, the marketing of livestock presented special problems that could not be adequately addressed by the federal antitrust laws existing at that time. The act's provisions were based, in part, on prior antitrust statutes, including the Sherman Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. GIPSA is responsible for implementing the Packers and Stockyards Act. USDA's OGC also has a role in enforcing the act and, among other activities, represents the Department in administrative and court proceedings addressing alleged violations of the act. In general, DOJ and FTC are responsible for enforcing federal antitrust laws that protect the marketplace from practices that adversely affect competition. DOJ is responsible for enforcing the Sherman Act, and FTC has responsibility for the Federal Trade Commission Act. If GIPSA identifies an activity that appears to be criminal or a violation of antitrust law, GIPSA officials may consult with DOJ on whether the case should be forwarded to DOJ for action. DOJ and FTC also share responsibility for reviewing proposed mergers under the Clayton Act.