Optimization of Soil Stabilization with Class C Fly Ash

Optimization of Soil Stabilization with Class C Fly Ash
Author: John Michael Pitt
Publisher:
Total Pages: 196
Release: 1987
Genre: Fly ash
ISBN:

Previous Iowa DOT sponsored research has shown that some Class C fly ashes are ementitious (because calcium is combined as calcium aluminates) while other Class C ashes containing similar amounts of elemental calcium are not (1). Fly ashes from modern power plants in Iowa contain significant amounts of calcium in their glassy phases, regardless of their cementitious properties. The present research was based on these findings and on the hyphothesis that: attack of the amorphous phase of high calcium fly ash could be initiated with trace additives, thus making calcium available for formation of useful calcium-silicate cements. Phase I research was devoted to finding potential additives through a screening process; the likely chemicals were tested with fly ashes representative of the cementitious and non-cementitious ashes available in the state. Ammonium phosphate, a fertilizer, was found to produce 3,600 psi cement with cementitious Neal #4 fly ash; this strength is roughly equivalent to that of portland cement, but at about one-third the cost. Neal #2 fly ash, a slightly cementitious Class C, was found to respond best with ammonium nitrate; through the additive, a near-zero strength material was transformed into a 1,200 psi cement. The second research phase was directed to optimimizing trace additive concentrations, defining the behavior of the resulting cements, evaluating more comprehensively the fly ashes available in Iowa, and explaining the cement formation mechanisms of the most promising trace additives. X-ray diffraction data demonstrate that both amorphous and crystalline hydrates of chemically enhanced fly ash differ from those of unaltered fly ash hydrates. Calciumaluminum- silicate hydrates were formed, rather than the expected (and hypothesized) calcium-silicate hydrates. These new reaction products explain the observed strength enhancement. The final phase concentrated on laboratory application of the chemically-enhanced fly ash cements to road base stabilization. Emphasis was placed on use of marginal aggregates, such as limestone crusher fines and unprocessed blow sand. The nature of the chemically modified fly ash cements led to an evaluation of fine grained soil stabilization where a wide range of materials, defined by plasticity index, could be stabilized. Parameters used for evaluation included strength, compaction requirements, set time, and frost resistance.

Soft Soil Engineering

Soft Soil Engineering
Author: Dave H. Chan
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 808
Release: 2006-09-28
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9781439833926

Soft soils present particular challenges to engineers and an understanding of the specific characteristics of these soils is indispensable. Laboratory techniques such as numerical modelling, theoretical analysis and constitutive modelling give new insights into soft soil material behaviour, while large-scale testing in the field provides important information in areas such as slope stability and soft soil improvements. This collection of papers from the Fourth International Conference on Soft Soil Engineering, Vancouver, 2006, presents an international appraisal of current research and new advances in engineering practices, illustrating the theory with relevant case studies. Geotechnical professionals, engineers, academics and researchers working in the areas of soft ground engineering and soft soil engineering will find this a valuable book.

Handbook of Fly Ash

Handbook of Fly Ash
Author: Kamal K. Kar
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Total Pages: 869
Release: 2021-11-07
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0128176873

The drive to develop more sustainable materials has made fly ash a valuable raw material in many different applications. Comprehensive and authoritative, Handbook of Fly Ash highlights the latest research efforts to develop the properties of fly ash to maximum utility while safeguarding the environment. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the research into the classification and compositions of various types of fly ash, such as bottom ash and boiler slag, special classes of fly ash, and their sources around the globe. This is followed by a discussion of fly ash-reinforced composites, such as elastomer-based composites and metal matrix composites. This book also covers a wide range of applications of fly ash in cement, concrete, bricks and blocks, road construction, wastewater treatment, and scrubber sludge solidification. Highlights the recent developments in the utilization of fly ash including its preparation, functionalization, properties, and handling. Places a focus on a wide variety of fly ash applications including recent innovations, such as alkali-activated binder, polypropylene composite, and geopolymer concrete. Includes comprehensive coverage of the characteristics of fly ash with a particular focus on health hazards if it is not properly disposed. Discusses fly ash-reinforced composites, such as polymer/elastomer-based composites and metal matrix composites.

Optimizing the Amount of Class C Fly Ash in Concrete Mixtures

Optimizing the Amount of Class C Fly Ash in Concrete Mixtures
Author: RM. Majko
Publisher:
Total Pages: 15
Release: 1984
Genre: Air-void parameters
ISBN:

This paper describes the results of a two part research program on several laboratory air-entrained concrete mixtures designed to contain increasing amounts of moderately cementitious Class C fly ash. In the first part of the paper, a Type A admixture was used in half of the mixtures, treating both the portland cement Type I and fly ash (15% calcium oxide). In the second part of the paper, three other Class C fly ashes (9 to 12% calcium oxide) were extensively tested in concrete that contained a Type A admixture (but this time treating only the cement). Two very high lime fly ashes (25 to 30% calcium oxide) were also tested in concrete mixtures.

Stabilization of Clay Using Fly Ash

Stabilization of Clay Using Fly Ash
Author: Khelifa Saiki
Publisher:
Total Pages: 136
Release: 2014
Genre: Fly ash
ISBN:

Soil stabilization is a technique to improve soil properties. Currently many methods are available to stabilize soils and improve their engineering properties. The soil type,soilstructure and economic factors govern the decision to select an appropriate single or a combination of two or more methods. The stabilization of soil can be accomplished by adding cementing material, or some other chemical material to change engineering property of soil. After this addition of stabilizer to soil, engineering properties of soil such as increases strength, load bearing capacity, durability, workability and etc. Stabilization can be achieved by mechanically mixing the natural soil and stabilizer together to reach desired improvement. There are many types of additives which can be used for stabilization. There are Portland cement, lime and fly ash. This project focuses on the effectiveness of fly ash as stabilizer. Fly ash is a waste material produced by combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants. Since many years fly ash has been used as a construction material. Thermal power plants produce two kinds of fly ash; class F and class C. Class F fly ash is more popular than class C and contains less amount of lime. Class C fly ash has a large amount of lime, (more than 20%), so it has a better cementing characteristic. Class F ash are used in Portland cement production. While class C fly ash is more suitable in soil stabilization because of high percentage of lime and its cementing characteristics. In this project we used fly ash of class C as soil stabilizer, by adding a varying proportions of fly ash we determined the basic geotechnical properties such as, specific gravity, plasticity, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength and stress-strain modulus. Addition of small percentage of fly ash (about 3 %) decrease plasticity characteristics of clay. Beyond this percentage, addition of fly- ash tends to increase the plasticity. Harvard Miniature Compaction Tests indicate that maximum dry density increases with increasing fly ash content and optimum moisture contents decrease with increase in ash contents. Unconfined compressive tests were conducted on compacted specimens corresponding water content of optimum moisture contents (OMC), OMC-2%, and OMC +2%. The unconfined compressive strength (qu) and consequently the undrained shear strength (Su) which is half the unconfined compressive strength show a steep increase at 6% fly ash, beyond that increased moderately with increasing fly ash content for all the 3 moisture content conditions. However, the stress-strain moduli with increases with increasing fly ash contents. However it appears that there is no correlation between the modulus of elasticity ant the unconfined compressive strength. The result analysis of this study, it appears that fly ash class "C" is not an effective stabilizer to stabilize clay. This may be due to the fact that both clay particles and fly-ash particle have approximately same size. This might result in poor gradation that is deficient in particle interlocking in clay-fly ash mixtures. Another important property required for effective stabilization is plasticity. Unlike Lime, fly ash is a low non- plastic material and is not effective in binding the soil particles together.

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture
Author: Thomas Kang
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 1118
Release: 2023-11-05
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9819940494

This book states that the proceedings gathers selected papers from 2022 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture (ICCEA 2022), which was held in Hanoi, Vietnam on December 16-18, 2022. The conference is the premier forum for the presentation of new advances and research results in the fields of theoretical, experimental, and practical civil engineering and architecture. And this proceedings from the conference mainly discusses architectural design and project management, environmental protection and spatial planning, design and analysis of building materials, and structural engineering and safety. And these materials can be useful and valuable sources for researchers and professionals working in the field of civil engineering and architecture.