Opening Up And Geographic Diversification Of Trade In Transition Economies
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Author | : Mr. Oli Havrylyshyn |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 29 |
Release | : 1998-02-01 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1451891792 |
This paper looks at the progress in transition and the geographic diversification of trade, focusing on two issues--the degree of trade openness and trade integration--for a sample of countries in transition. It concludes that about half of the group of countries sampled are becoming as open as similar market economies, but that many others remain relatively closed. Geographic diversification (to the European Union) is found to be greater the closer is geographic proximity and the more advanced the country is with reforms. The analysis is then extended, in an illustrative way, to show how much larger would be the share of exports to the EU if structural reforms were more ambitious.
Author | : Oleh Havrylyshyn |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 27 |
Release | : 1998 |
Genre | : Commerce |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Oleh Havrylyshyn |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 27 |
Release | : 1998 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Mr.Hassan Al-Atrash |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 28 |
Release | : 1998-02-01 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1451921268 |
This paper looks at the progress in transition and the geographic diversification of trade, focusing on two issues--the degree of trade openness and trade integration--for a sample of countries in transition. It concludes that about half of the group of countries sampled are becoming as open as similar market economies, but that many others remain relatively closed. Geographic diversification (to the European Union) is found to be greater the closer is geographic proximity and the more advanced the country is with reforms. The analysis is then extended, in an illustrative way, to show how much larger would be the share of exports to the EU if structural reforms were more ambitious.
Author | : OECD |
Publisher | : OECD Publishing |
Total Pages | : 532 |
Release | : 2019-07-11 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9264429514 |
This edition analyses how trade can contribute to economic diversification and empowerment, with a focus on eliminating extreme poverty, particularly through the effective participation of women and youth. It shows how aid for trade can contribute to that objective by addressing supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure constraints, including for micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises notably in rural areas.
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 300 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Computer network resources |
ISBN | : |
Author | : World Bank |
Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
Total Pages | : 511 |
Release | : 2019-11-19 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1464814953 |
Global value chains (GVCs) powered the surge of international trade after 1990 and now account for almost half of all trade. This shift enabled an unprecedented economic convergence: poor countries grew rapidly and began to catch up with richer countries. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, however, the growth of trade has been sluggish and the expansion of GVCs has stalled. Meanwhile, serious threats have emerged to the model of trade-led growth. New technologies could draw production closer to the consumer and reduce the demand for labor. And trade conflicts among large countries could lead to a retrenchment or a segmentation of GVCs. World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains examines whether there is still a path to development through GVCs and trade. It concludes that technological change is, at this stage, more a boon than a curse. GVCs can continue to boost growth, create better jobs, and reduce poverty provided that developing countries implement deeper reforms to promote GVC participation; industrial countries pursue open, predictable policies; and all countries revive multilateral cooperation.
Author | : Kym Anderson |
Publisher | : Asian Development Bank |
Total Pages | : 219 |
Release | : 2018-08-01 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9292612638 |
Kazakhstan has the potential to become an economic leader in Central Asia. Relying on oil and gas alone, however, will not produce the long-run level of growth needed to meet this potential. Reforms geared to improve the business climate, enhance competitiveness, and increase private sector participation are essential. This book examines reforms to accelerate economic diversification in the country. This involves not only modernizing and using public resources in agriculture more efficiently to increase productivity, but also transitioning of manufacturing toward high-potential exports to help the country’s industrial development and create employment opportunities. Upgrading innovation of oilfield services and improving transport and logistics are important to increase participation in the global value chains.
Author | : Mr.Tim Callen |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 32 |
Release | : 2014-12-23 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1498303234 |
Abstract: The economies of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are heavily reliant on oil. Greater economic diversification would reduce their exposure to volatility and uncertainty in the global oil market, help create jobs in the private sector, increase productivity and sustainable growth, and help create the non-oil economy that will be needed in the future when oil revenues start to dwindle. The GCC countries have followed many of the standard policies that are usually thought to promote more diversified economies, including reforms to improve the business climate, the development of domestic infrastructure, financial deepening, and improvements in education. Nevertheless, success to date has been limited. This paper argues that increased diversification will require realigning incentives for firms and workers in the economies—fixing these incentives is the “missing link” in the GCC countries’ diversification strategies. At present, producing non-tradables is less risky and more profitable for firms as they can benefit from the easy availability of low-wage foreign labor and the rapid growth in government spending, while the continued availability of high-paying and secure public sector jobs discourages nationals from pursuing entrepreneurship and private sector employment. Measures to begin to address these incentive issues could include limiting and reorienting government spending, strengthening private sector competition, providing guarantees and financial support for those firms engaged in export activity, and implementing labor market reforms to make nationals more competitive for private sector employment.
Author | : International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. |
Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
Total Pages | : 204 |
Release | : 1998-01-01 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 1451974167 |
This paper analyzes contagion and volatility with imperfect credit markets. The paper interprets contagion effects as an increase in the volatility of shocks impinging on the economy. The implications of this approach are analyzed in a model in which domestic banks borrow at a premium on world capital markets, and domestic producers borrow at a premium from domestic banks. Financial spreads depend on a markup that compensates lenders, in particular, for the expected cost of contract enforcement. Higher volatility increases financial spreads and the producers’ cost of capital.