Ontological Categories
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Author | : Javier Cumpa |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 234 |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 9783868380996 |
This volume explores crucial ontological categories that are designed to classify all existents. The contributors discuss three major categories: substance ontologies, trope ontologies and fact ontologies. In addition, they address the central problems of the theory categories in the classical, phenomenological and analytical tradition.
Author | : Javier Cumpa |
Publisher | : Walter de Gruyter |
Total Pages | : 234 |
Release | : 2013-05-02 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 311032959X |
This volume is about ontological categories. The categories of an ontology are designed to classify all existents. They are crucial and characterize an ontology.
Author | : E. J. Lowe |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 237 |
Release | : 2006 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 0199254397 |
E. J. Lowe sets out and defends his theory of what there is. His four-category ontology is a metaphysical system that recognizes two fundamental categorial distinctions which cut across each other to generate four fundamental ontological categories. The distinctions are between the particular and the universal and between the substantial and the non-substantial. The four categories thus generated are substantial particulars, non-substantial particulars, substantial universals andnon-substantial universals. Non-substantial universals include properties and relations, conceived as universals. Non-substantial particulars include property-instances and relation-instances, otherwise known as non-relational and relational tropes or modes. Substantial particulars include propertiedindividuals, the paradigm examples of which are persisting, concrete objects. Substantial universals are otherwise known as substantial kinds and include as paradigm examples natural kinds of persisting objects.This ontology has a lengthy pedigree, many commentators attributing it to Aristotle on the basis of certain passages in his apparently early work, the Categories. At various times during the history of Western philosophy, it has been revived or rediscovered, but it has never found universal favour, perhaps on account of its apparent lack of parsimony as well as its commitment to universals. In pursuit of ontological economy, metaphysicians have generally preferred to recognize fewerthan four fundamental ontological categories. However, Occam's razor stipulates only that we should not multiply entities beyond necessity; Lowe argues that the four-category ontology has an explanatory power unrivalled by more parsimonious systems, and that this counts decisively in its favour. He shows thatit provides a powerful explanatory framework for a unified account of causation, dispositions, natural laws, natural necessity and many other related matters, such as the semantics of counterfactual conditionals and the character of the truthmaking relation. As such, it constitutes a thoroughgoing metaphysical foundation for natural science.
Author | : Paul Symington |
Publisher | : Walter de Gruyter |
Total Pages | : 183 |
Release | : 2013-05-02 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 311032248X |
Generally, categories are understood to express the most general features of reality. Yet, since categories have this special status, obtaining a correct list of them is difficult. This question is addressed by examining how Thomas Aquinas establishes the list of categories through a technique of identifying diversity in how predicates are per se related to their subjects. A sophisticated critique by Duns Scotus of this position is also examined, a rejection which is fundamentally grounded in the idea that no real distinction can be made from a logical one. It is argued Aquinas's approach can be rehabilitated in that real distinctions are possible when specifically considering per se modes of predication. This discussion between Aquinas and Scotus bears fruit in a contemporary context insofar as it bears upon, strengthens, and seeks to correct E. J. Lowe's four-category ontology view regarding the identity and relation of the categories.
Author | : Jan Westerhoff |
Publisher | : Clarendon Press |
Total Pages | : 276 |
Release | : 2005-11-10 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 0191536466 |
The concept of an ontological category is central to metaphysics. Metaphysicians argue about which category an object should be assigned to, whether one category can be reduced to another one, or whether there might be different equally adequate systems of categorization. Answers to these questions presuppose a clear understanding of what precisely an ontological category is, an issue which is rarely addressed; Jan Westerhoff presents the first in-depth analysis both of the use made of ontological categories in the metaphysical literature, and of various attempts at defining them. He also develops a new theory of ontological categories which implies that there will be no unique system, and that the ontological category an object belongs to is not an essential property of that object. Systems of ontological categories are structures imposed on the world, rather than reflections of a deep metaphysical reality already present. All metaphysicians should find Westerhoff's book highly stimulating.
Author | : Roderick M. Chisholm |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 162 |
Release | : 1996-08-28 |
Genre | : Mathematics |
ISBN | : 9780521556163 |
This book can be viewed as a summation of Roderick Chisholm's views on an enormous range of topics in metaphysics and epistemology.
Author | : Ana Laura Edelhoff |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 141 |
Release | : 2020-11-19 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 1108875092 |
The main objective of this Element is to reconstruct Aristotle's view on the nature of ontological priority in the Categories. Over the last three decades, investigations into ontological dependence and priority have become a major concern in contemporary metaphysics. Many see Aristotle as the originator of these discussions and, as a consequence, there is considerable interest in his own account of ontological dependence. In light of the renewed interest in Aristotelian metaphysics, it will be worthwhile - both historically and systematically - to return to Aristotle himself and to see how he himself conceived of ontological priority (what he calls 'priority in substance' [proteron kata ousian] or 'priority in nature' [proteron tēi phusei]), which is to be understood as a form of asymmetric ontological dependence.
Author | : Ingvar Johansson |
Publisher | : Taylor & Francis |
Total Pages | : 377 |
Release | : 1989-01-01 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 9780415025881 |
Author | : Marc A. Hight |
Publisher | : Penn State Press |
Total Pages | : 294 |
Release | : 2010-11 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 0271047658 |
"A wide-ranging study of the 'way of ideas' and its metaphysics, culminating in a bold reinterpretation of Berkeley."
Author | : Maarten Franssen |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 225 |
Release | : 2013-10-04 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 3319008013 |
This book is concerned with two intimately related topics of metaphysics: the identity of entities and the foundations of classification. What it adds to previous discussions of these topics is that it addresses them with respect to human-made entities, that is, artefacts. As the chapters in the book show, questions of identity and classification require other treatments and lead to other answers for artefacts than for natural entities. These answers are of interest to philosophers not only for their clarification of artefacts as a category of things but also for the new light they may shed on these issue with respect to to natural entities. This volume is structured in three parts. The contributions in Part I address basic ontological and metaphysical questions in relation to artefact kinds: How should we conceive of artefact kinds? Are they real kinds? How are identity conditions for artefacts and artefact kinds related? The contributions in Part II address meta-ontological questions: What, exactly, should an ontological account of artefact kinds provide us with? What scope can it aim for? Which ways of approaching the ontology of artefact kinds are there, how promising are they, and how should we assess this? In Part III, the essays offer engineering practice rather than theoretical philosophy as a point of reference. The issues addressed here include: How do engineers classify technical artefacts and on what grounds? What makes specific classes of technical artefacts candidates for ontologically real kinds, and by which criteria?