One Language Two Grammars
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Author | : Günter Rohdenburg |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 461 |
Release | : 2009-01-22 |
Genre | : Foreign Language Study |
ISBN | : 1139474235 |
It is well known that British and American English differ substantially in their pronunciation and vocabulary - but differences in their grammar have largely been underestimated. This volume focuses on British–American differences in the structure of words and sentences and supports them with computer-aided studies of large text collections. Present-day as well as earlier forms of the two varieties are included in the analyses. This makes it the first book-length treatment of British and American English grammar in contrast, with topics ranging from compound verbs to word order differences and tag questions. The authors explore some of the better-known contrasts, as well as a great variety of innovative themes that have so far received little or no consideration. Bringing together the work of a team of leading scholars in the field, this book will be of interest to those working within the fields of English historical linguistics, language variation and change, and dialectology.
Author | : Günter Rohdenburg |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 487 |
Release | : 2009-01-22 |
Genre | : Foreign Language Study |
ISBN | : 0521872197 |
This volume focuses on British-American differences in the structure of words and sentences. The first full-length treatment of the topic, it will be of interest to scholars working within the fields of English historical linguistics, language variation and change, and dialectology.
Author | : Rena Torres Cacoullos |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 257 |
Release | : 2018-03-08 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 1108415822 |
Analysis of bilinguals' use of two languages reveals highly adept code-switching: alternating between languages while keeping intact the separate grammars.
Author | : Dianne Friesen |
Publisher | : Language Science Press |
Total Pages | : 475 |
Release | : 2017-07-11 |
Genre | : African languages |
ISBN | : 3946234631 |
This grammar provides the first comprehensive grammatical description of Moloko, a Chadic language spoken by about 10,000 speakers in northern Cameroon. The grammar was developed from hours and years that the authors spent at friends’ houses hearing and recording stories, hours spent listening to the tapes and transcribing the stories, then translating them and studying the language through them. Time was spent together and with others speaking the language and talking about it, translating resources and talking to Moloko people about them. Grammar and phonology discoveries were made in the office, in the fields while working, and at gatherings. In the process, the four authors have become more and more passionate about the Moloko language and are eager to share their knowledge about it with others. Intriguing phonological aspects of Moloko include the fact that words have a consonantal skeleton and only one underlying vowel (but with ten phonetic variants). The simplicity of the vowel system contrasts with the complexity of the verb word, which can include information (in addition to the verbal idea) about subject, direct object (semantic Theme), indirect object (recipient or beneficiary), direction, location, aspect (Imperfective and Perfective), mood (indicative, irrealis, iterative), and Perfect aspect. Some of the fascinating aspects about the grammar of Moloko include transitivity issues, question formation, presupposition, and the absence of simple adjectives as a grammatical class. Most verbs are not inherently transitive or intransitive, but rather the semantics is tied to the number and type of core grammatical relations in a clause. Morphologically, two types of verb pronominals indicate two kinds of direct object; both are found in ditransitive clauses. Noun incorporation of special ‘body-part’ nouns in some verbs adds another grammatical argument and changes the lexical characteristics of the verb. Clauses of zero transitivity can occur in main clauses due to the use of dependent verb forms and ideophones. Question formation is interesting in that the interrogative pronoun is clause-final for most constructions. The clause will sometimes be reconfigured so that the interrogative pronoun can be clause-final. Expectation is a foundational pillar for Moloko grammar. Three types of irrealis mood relate to speaker’s expectation concerning the accomplishment of an event. Clauses are organised around the concept of presupposition, through the use of the na-construction. Known or expected elements are marked with the na particle. There are no simple adjectives in Moloko; all adjectives are derived from nouns. The authors invite others to further explore the intricacies of the phonology and grammar of this intriguing language.
Author | : Lieselotte Anderwald |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 353 |
Release | : 2016 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 0190270675 |
Based on 258 English grammar books, Language Between Description and Prescription investigates nineteenth-century grammar writing relating to actual language change, especially in the verb phrase. Lieselotte Andewald proposes that not all changes were noticed in the first place, and those that were noticed were not necessarily criticized. The book also demonstrates that though grammars were prescriptivist, their effect was at best minimal.
Author | : John Algeo |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 13 |
Release | : 2006-08-10 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 1139457322 |
Speakers of British and American English display some striking differences in their use of grammar. In this detailed survey, John Algeo considers questions such as: •Who lives on a street, and who lives in a street? •Who takes a bath, and who has a bath? •Who says Neither do I, and who says Nor do I? •After 'thank you', who says Not at all and who says You're welcome? •Whose team are on the ball, and whose team isn't? Containing extensive quotations from real-life English on both sides of the Atlantic, collected over the past twenty years, this is a clear and highly organized guide to the differences - and the similarities - between the grammar of British and American speakers. Written for those with no prior knowledge of linguistics, it shows how these grammatical differences are linked mainly to particular words, and provides an accessible account of contemporary English in use.
Author | : Beverley Bryan |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2010 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 9789766373528 |
"Between Two Grammars builds on earlier works in the field of language learning and teaching and brings new ideas about language teaching in a Creole-speaking environment. Using Jamaica as the example, the history of education is examined with a view to explaining some of the current attitudes to schooling and the objections to accepting Jamaican Creole (Patois/Patwa) as a necessary part of the consciousness of the classroom teacher. Constructed with an understanding of the unique requirements for language teaching in the Caribbean, whilst integrating theory and practice, Dr Byan's recommendations in Between Two Grammars are the result of years of research within the fields of sociolinguistics, language education, Caribbean history and teacher education. Educators, whether in training or in practice; and Education policymakers will find Between Two Grammars not only an enriching presentation of the nature of language debates in the Caribbean but also an empowering tool for improved language teaching practice. "
Author | : Jürgen M. Meisel |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 277 |
Release | : 2019-06-27 |
Genre | : Education |
ISBN | : 1107181364 |
This practical and reassuring guide will enable readers to make informed decisions about how to raise their child bilingually.
Author | : Martin Durrell |
Publisher | : Routledge |
Total Pages | : 392 |
Release | : 2015-02-20 |
Genre | : Foreign Language Study |
ISBN | : 1317541820 |
Essential German Grammar is a student-friendly grammar and workbook designed to give learners a firm foundation on which to build a real understanding of both spoken and written German. The reference grammar section offers clear explanations of key grammar points while a separate exercise section gives students the opportunity to test themselves and put into practice what they have learned. This new edition has been revised and updated throughout. Explanations, tables and exercises have been improved and a number of the authentic texts and illustrations have been replaced by new material. Key features of this second edition include: User-friendly layout with updated 2 colour design, engaging illustrations and visually appealing tables throughout to aid the learning process Clear and accessible explanations with memorable examples informed by the latest research on the German language and presented in accordance with current teaching methodology Helpful parallels between English and German provided where relevant End-of-chapter extracts taken from contemporary journalistic or authentic literary sources, illustrating grammar in context, with model translations provided at the back of the book Material to enable better strategic learning and understanding, including a Why Grammar?—FAQ section, a glossary of grammatical terms in both English and German and a complete answer key to exercises Created especially for the new edition, a companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/kaiser offering a wealth of additional materials, including interactive exercises, quizzes and flashcards to test student understanding, downloadable PDF sheets for classroom use, PowerPoint slides for instructors and audio recordings illustrating the sounds of spoken German. Written by highly experienced lecturers in the field, Essential German Grammar is an invaluable resource for intermediate and advanced students of German (CEFR levels A2 to B2, ACTFL Novice High to Intermediate High). It is designed to function equally as a free-standing grammar or as a foundation grammar for Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage and is suitable for both classroom use and self-study.
Author | : J. Craig Cleaveland |
Publisher | : Elsevier Publishing Company |
Total Pages | : 184 |
Release | : 1977 |
Genre | : Computers |
ISBN | : |
Thus, the organization of the book as it finally evolved contains two introductory chapters that can be read by anyone familiar with a programming language. These chapters provide a general background in the commonly-used grammatical notations describing the syntax of a programming language. This is information that should be familiar to anyone who programs-unfortunately, it is familiar to only a very few. With the information contained in these first two chapters, the programmer should have confident access to the syntactic portions of programming-language reference manuals. This includes an understanding of what will not appear in the syntax as well as what should appear there. The remainder of the book builds on this basic foundation exploring the limits of definitional possibilities using a grammatical formalism. To this end, the third chapter introduces the ALGOL 68 grammatical formalism with extensive examples. The fourth chapter gives four grammars describing a simple programming language. This illustrates the evolution of grammatical definitions from ALGOL 60 to ALGOL 68 and beyond. The third grammar in the fourth chapter successfully supplies an answer to Martin Kay's germinal challenge.