On the degradation of wood pellets during pneumatic conveying: Experiments and DEM-CFD simulations

On the degradation of wood pellets during pneumatic conveying: Experiments and DEM-CFD simulations
Author: Julian Jägers
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2021-02-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3736963718

Die Zerkleinerung von Holzpellets und damit die Entstehung von Feinanteil während des pneumatischen Transports wird zusammen mit den auftretenden Druckverluste im Rahmen dieser Arbeit experimentell und numerisch untersucht. Zunächst erfolgt die Entwicklung eines empirischen Bruchmodells auf Basis von Einzelpartikelprallversuchen zur statistischen Beschreibung des Bruchverhaltens von Holzpellets in Abhängigkeit von Kenngrößen wie Partikellänge, Aufprallgeschwindigkeit und -Winkel. Die entwickelten Korrelationen werden in den hauseigenen DEM-Code des Lehrstuhls für Energieanlagen und Energieprozesstechnik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum implementiert. Gekoppelte DEM-CFD Simulationen geben detaillierte Einblicke in die Abhängigkeiten der Strömungsverhältnisse sowie des Bewegungsverhaltens und der mechanischen Belastungen der geförderten Partikel von Betriebsbedingungen und Leitungskomponenten. Die numerischen Ergebnisse stimmen qualitativ mit denen korrespondierender Experimente überein und zeigen die Erhöhung von Pelletbruch und Feinanteil durch zunehmende Förderluftströme bzw. abnehmende Pelletmassenströme und kleinere Krümmerradien. Das entwickelte Bruchmodel ermöglicht detaillierte Untersuchungen pneumatischer Fördervorgänge und die Auslegung schonender Betriebsbedingungen und Leitungskomponenten zur Reduzierung von Druckverlusten sowie Pelletbruch und Feinanteil. In the present thesis, the dependence of wood pellet degradation and fines formation during pneumatic conveying on operating conditions like air and product mass flow or shape of pipe components is investigated. Both the size reduction of the cylindrical pellets during pneumatic transport caused by mechanical impacts and the prevailing pressure losses are analysed experimentally and numerically. Single particle impact tests are performed for investigating the breakage behaviour of wood pellets including the effect of particle length, impact velocity and collision angle. Based on the empirical correlations derived, a numerical degradation model is developed and implemented into the in-house DEM code of the Department of Energy Plant and Technology of the Ruhr-University Bochum. Experimental and numerical investigations are conducted using coupled DEM-CFD simulations to obtain detailed insights into flow conditions, particle motion and the mechanical loads on the pellets during pneumatic conveying. Numerical results show good qualitative agreement with the experimentally determined degradation rates and prevailing pressure losses. The degradation model developed allows detailed investigation into wood pellet degradation and fines formation during pneumatic conveying and enables the design of pipe configurations and operating conditions to prevent particle size reduction and excessive pressure losses.

Fuel Flexible Energy Generation

Fuel Flexible Energy Generation
Author: John Oakey
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Total Pages: 334
Release: 2015-12-08
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1782423990

Fuel Flexible Energy Generation: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels provides updated information on flexible fuel energy generation, the process by which one or more fuels can be combusted in the same boiler or turbine to generate power. By adapting or building boilers and turbines to accept multiple fuel sources, they can be co-fired with biomass and waste derived fuels, allowing a reduction in carbon output, thus providing cleaner energy. Fuel flexibility is becoming more important in a world of diminishing fossil fuel stocks. Many countries are investing in the development of more efficient fuel flexible boilers and turbines, and their use is becoming more prevalent in industry as well. This book provides comprehensive coverage of flexible fuel energy generation across all potential fuel types, and was written by a selection of experts in the field who discuss the types of fuels which can be used in fuel flexible energy generation, from solid fuels to biomass fuels, the preparation of fuels to be used in fuel flexible operations, that includes their handling and transport, and combustion and conversion technologies with chapters ranging from large-scale coal gasification to technology options and plant design issues. - Focuses on fuel flexibility across all potential fuel types - Includes thorough treatment of the technology being developed to allow for fuel flexibility - Written by leading experts in the field - Provides an essential text for R&D managers in firms which produce boilers or turbines, those who work in the fuel industry, and academics working in engineering departments on energy generation

Bulk Solids Handling

Bulk Solids Handling
Author: C.R. Woodcock
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 534
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9400926359

An understanding ofthe properties and the handling characteristics of liquids and gases has long been regarded as an essential requirement for most practising engineers. It is therefore not surprising that, over the years, there has been a regular appearance of books dealing with the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, fluid flow, hydraulics and related topics. What is surprising is that there has been no parallel development of the related discipline of Bulk Solids Handling, despite its increasing importance in modern industry across the world. It is only very recently that a structured approach to the teaching, and learning, of the subject has begun to evolve. A reason for the slow emergence of Bulk Solids Handling as an accepted topic of study in academic courses on mechanical, agricultural, chemical, mining and civil engineering is perhaps that the practice is so often taken for granted. Certainly the variety of materials being handled in bulk is almost endless, ranging in size from fine dust to rocks, in value from refuse to gold, and in temperature from deep-frozen peas to near-molten metal.

The Pellet Handbook

The Pellet Handbook
Author: Gerold Thek
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 592
Release: 2012-06-25
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1136539921

Biomass pellets are a suitable fuel type for a wide range of applications, from stoves and central heating systems up to large-scale plants, and with practically complete automation in all these capacities. This handbook, written and edited by experienced professionals from IEA Bioenergy Task 32 in cooperation with Bios Bioenergiesysteme GmbH, Graz, Austria, other IEA Tasks and external experts, is the first comprehensive guide in English language covering all pellet related issues, as illustrated by the following list of topics covered by the book: international overview of standards for pellets evaluation of raw materials and raw material potentials quality and properties of pellets technical evaluation of the pellet production process and logistic aspects of pellet supply safety and health aspects for pellets during storage, handling and transportation technological evaluation of pellet furnace technologies and future developments economic and ecological evaluation of the pellet production process economic and ecological evaluation of pellet use in small-scale furnaces in the residential sector overview of international pellet markets and market developments international case studies for the use of pellets for energy generation latest trends concerning research and development in the pellet sector. Extensively illustrated and packed with practical knowledge, this is the ultimate reference for anyone involved in or affected by this burgeoning industry. It addresses all the players of the pellet market, ranging from raw material producers or suppliers, pellet producers and traders, manufacturers of pellet furnaces and pelletization systems, installers, engineering companies, energy consultants and end users.

Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications

Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications
Author: Leonel JR Nunes
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 256
Release: 2017-11-21
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0128096977

Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications: From Fundamentals to Industrial Scale explores the processes, technology, end-use, and economics involved in torrefaction at the industrial scale for heat and power generation. Its authors combine their industry experience with their academic expertise to provide a thorough overview of the topic. Starting at feedstock pretreatment, followed by torrefaction processes, the book includes plant design and operation, safety aspects, and case studies focusing on the needs and challenges of the industrial scale. Commercially available technologies are examined and compared, and their economical evaluation and life cycle assessment are covered as well. Attention is also given to non-woody feedstock, alternative applications, derived fuels, recent advances, and expected future developments. For its practical approach, this book is ideal for professionals in the biomass industry, including those in heat and power generation. It is also a useful reference for researchers and graduate students in the area of biomass and biofuels, and for decision makers, policy makers, and analysts in the energy field. - Compares efficiency and performance of different commercially available technologies from the practical aspects of daily operation in an industrial scale plant - Presents a cost analysis of the production, logistics, and storage of torrefied biomass - Includes case studies addressing challenges that may occur in the daily operation in an industrial scale plant - Covers other associated technologies, the densification of torrefied biomass, and non-woody feedstock

Wood Pellet as a Renewable Source of Energy

Wood Pellet as a Renewable Source of Energy
Author: Mohammad Ali Abdoli
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 197
Release: 2018-05-30
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319744828

This book takes the reader on a journey from the moment that raw wood material enters the factory to the final pellet consumption. It starts by reviewing biomass application and its role for the future development of renewable energies, discussing different biomass conversion methods as alternatives to direct utilization. The second chapter then comprehensively examines densification processes, with a focus on the pelleting process. Chapter three further elaborates on the pelleting process, including an overview of the pellet structure and properties, and the history of this process. The subsequent chapters provide a detailed account of the production process from raw material delivery to final distribution, addressing the chemical and physical quality, and presenting measurement methods and standards. In the final chapters, the authors describe in detail the pellet combustion process and emissions.

The Pellet Handbook

The Pellet Handbook
Author: Gerold Thek
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 594
Release: 2012-06-25
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1136539913

Biomass pellets are a suitable fuel type for a wide range of applications, from stoves and central heating systems up to large-scale plants, and with practically complete automation in all these capacities. This handbook, written and edited by experienced professionals from IEA Bioenergy Task 32 in cooperation with Bios Bioenergiesysteme GmbH, Graz, Austria, other IEA Tasks and external experts, is the first comprehensive guide in English language covering all pellet related issues, as illustrated by the following list of topics covered by the book: international overview of standards for pellets evaluation of raw materials and raw material potentials quality and properties of pellets technical evaluation of the pellet production process and logistic aspects of pellet supply safety and health aspects for pellets during storage, handling and transportation technological evaluation of pellet furnace technologies and future developments economic and ecological evaluation of the pellet production process economic and ecological evaluation of pellet use in small-scale furnaces in the residential sector overview of international pellet markets and market developments international case studies for the use of pellets for energy generation latest trends concerning research and development in the pellet sector. Extensively illustrated and packed with practical knowledge, this is the ultimate reference for anyone involved in or affected by this burgeoning industry. It addresses all the players of the pellet market, ranging from raw material producers or suppliers, pellet producers and traders, manufacturers of pellet furnaces and pelletization systems, installers, engineering companies, energy consultants and end users.

Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide

Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide
Author: David Mills
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Total Pages: 537
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1483144593

Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide is a guide for the design of pneumatic conveying systems and includes detailed data and information on the conveying characteristics of a number of materials with a wide range of properties. This book includes logic diagrams for design procedures and scaling parameters for the conveying line configuration. It also explains how to improve the performance of pneumatic conveyors by optimizing, uprating, and extending the system or adapting it for a change of material. This book consists of 15 chapters divided into three sections and opens with an overview of the state of the art on pneumatic conveying, along with definitions of the terms used in pneumatic conveying. The next chapter describes the various types of pneumatic conveying systems and the parameters that influence their capabilities in terms of material flow rate and conveying distance. The discussion then turns to feeding and discharging of the conveying line; selection of a pneumatic conveying system for a particular application; and design procedures for pneumatic conveying system. The theory and use of compressed air in pneumatic conveying are also considered, along with the effect of material properties on conveying performance; troubleshooting; and operational problems and some solutions. The final chapter is devoted to the use of bench-scale test methods to determine the material properties relevant to pneumatic conveying. This monograph is intended for designers and users of pneumatic conveying systems.

Advances in Gas Chromatography

Advances in Gas Chromatography
Author: Xinghua Guo
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Total Pages: 226
Release: 2014-02-26
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9535112279

For decades gas chromatography has been and will remain an irreplaceable analytical technique in many research areas for both quantitative analysis and qualitative characterization/identification, which is still supplementary with HPLC. This book highlights a few areas where significant advances have been reported recently and/or a revisit of basic concepts is deserved. It provides an overview of instrumental developments, frontline and modern research as well as practical industrial applications. The topics include GC-based metabolomics in biomedical, plant and microbial research, natural products as well as characterization of aging of synthetic materials and industrial monitoring, which are contributions of several experts from different disciplines. It also contains best hand-on practices of sample preparation (derivatization) and data processing in daily research. This book is recommended to both basic and experienced researchers in gas chromatography.

Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering

Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering
Author: David Mills
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 705
Release: 2004-01-21
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 113553909X

Pneumatic conveying systems offer enormous advantages: flexibility in plant layout, automatic operation, easy control and monitoring, and the ability to handle diverse materials, especially dangerous, toxic, or explosive materials. The Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering provides the most complete, comprehensive reference on all types and s