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| Author | : United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1998* |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Wagdi George Habashi |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 1278 |
| Release | : 2024-01-12 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3031338456 |
This Handbook of Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing covers an array of methodologies and technologies on numerical simulation of in-flight icing and its applications. Comprised of contributions from internationally recognized experts from the Americas, Asia, and the EU, this authoritative, self-contained reference includes best practices and specification data spanning the gamut of simulation tools available internationally that can be used to speed up the certification of aircraft and make them safer to fly into known icing. The collection features nine sections concentrating on aircraft, rotorcraft, jet engines, UAVs; ice protection systems, including hot-air, electrothermal, and others; sensors and probes, CFD in the aid of testing, flight simulators, and certification process acceleration methods. Incorporating perspectives from academia, commercial, government R&D, the book is ideal for a range of engineers and scientists concerned with in-flight icing applications.
| Author | : Arthur B. Lewis (Jr.) |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 122 |
| Release | : 1979 |
| Genre | : Aerodynamic heating |
| ISBN | : |
The development of complex lifting configurations and high speed maneuvering vehicles has emphasized the need for numerical techniques to predict aerodynamic heating rates as a function of the vehicle trajectory. These numerical programs are not expected to eliminate the requirements for wind tunnel and flight testing, but will be an aid to more efficient use of experimentation time and improve confidence that all potential problem areas on the vehicle have been examined. Three programs, the Hypersonic Arbitrary Body Program, the MINIVER Program, and a third program were examined to determine their usefulness for vehicles with non-circular cross sections and large flat areas as exemplified by lifting reentry vehicles. The MINIVER code was found to be unsuitable for this; the Hypersonic Arbitrary Body Program was applicable to these shapes, but because of program limitations was used for only limited calculations. The last program also had limitations in the areas of geometry description and surface pressure calculations. Efforts were made to remove these limitations and several shapes were investigated. The ultimate goal of this effort was to extend the capabilities of one or more of the heating codes; while no effort was made to improve MINIVER or the Hypersonic Arbitrary Body Program, significant improvements were made in the last program and inviscid flow field program.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 214 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Safety concerns over aircraft icing and the high experimental cost of testing have spurred global interest in numerical simulations of the ice accretion process. Extensive experimental and computational studies have been carried out to understand the icing on external surfaces. No parallel initiatives were reported for icing on engine components. However, the supercooled water droplets in moist atmosphere that are ingested into the engine can impinge on the component surfaces and freeze to form ice deposits. Ice accretion could block the engine passage causing reduced airflow. It raises safety and performance concerns such as mechanical damage from ice shedding as well as slow acceleration leading to compressor stall. The current research aims at developing a computational methodology for prediction of icing phenomena on turbofan compression system. Numerical simulation of ice accretion in aircraft engines is highly challenging because of the complex 3-D unsteady turbomachinery flow and the effects of rotation on droplet trajectories. The aim of the present research focuses on (i) Developing a computational methodology for ice accretion in rotating turbomachinery components (ii) Investigate the effect of inter-phase heat exchange (iii) Characterize droplet impingement pattern and ice accretion at different operating conditions. The simulations of droplet trajectories are based on a Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for the continuous and discrete phases. The governing equations are solved in the rotating blade frame of reference. The flow field is computed by solving the 3-D solution of the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. One-way interaction models simulate the effects of aerodynamic forces and the energy exchange between the flow and the droplets. The methodology is implemented in the code TURBODROP and applied to the flow field and droplet trajectories in NASA Roto-67r and NASA-GE E3 booster rotor. The results highlight the variation of impingement location and temperature with droplet size. It also illustrates the effect of rotor speed on droplet temperature rise. The computed droplet impingement statistics and flow properties are used to calculate ice shapes. It was found that the mass of accreted ice and maximum thickness is highly sensitive to rotor speed and radial location.
| Author | : Brian A. Whitton |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 753 |
| Release | : 2012-07-05 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9400738552 |
Cyanobacteria have existed for 3.5 billion years, yet they are still the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet for cycling carbon and nitrogen. The ecosystems where they have key roles range from the warmer oceans to many Antarctic sites. They also include dense nuisance growths in nutrient-rich lakes and nitrogen-fixers which aid the fertility of rice-fields and many soils, especially the biological soil crusts of arid regions. Molecular biology has in recent years provided major advances in our understanding of cyanobacterial ecology. Perhaps for more than any other group of organisms, it is possible to see how the ecology, physiology, biochemistry, ultrastructure and molecular biology interact. This all helps to deal with practical problems such as the control of nuisance blooms and the use of cyanobacterial inocula to manage semi-desert soils. Large-scale culture of several organisms, especially "Spirulina" (Arthrospira), for health food and specialist products is increasingly being expanded for a much wider range of uses. In view of their probable contribution to past oil deposits, much attention is currently focused on their potential as a source of biofuel. Please visit http://extras.springer.com/ to view Extra Materials belonging to this volume. This book complements the highly successful Ecology of Cyanobacteria and integrates the discoveries of the past twelve years with the older literature.
| Author | : United States. Federal Aviation Administration |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 40 |
| Release | : 1989 |
| Genre | : Airport construction contacts |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : B.A. Whitton |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 718 |
| Release | : 2007-05-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0306468557 |
Cyanobacteria make a major contribution to world photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, but are also notorious for causing nuisances such as dense and often toxic `blooms' in lakes and the ocean. The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space is the first book to focus solely on ecological aspects of these organisms. Its twenty-two chapters are written by some thirty authors, who are leading experts in their particular subject. The book begins with an overview of the cyanobacteria - or blue-green algae, for those who are not specialists - then looks at their diversity in the geological record and goes on to describe their ecology in present environments where they play important roles. Why is one of the key groups of organisms in the Precambrian still one of the most important groups of phototrophs today? The importance of ecological information for rational management and exploitation of these organisms for commercial and other practical purposes is also assessed. Accounts are provided of nuisances as well as the ecology of the commercially successful Spirulina and the role of cyanobacteria in ecosystem recovery from oil pollution. Many chapters include aspects of physiology, biochemistry, geochemistry and molecular biology where these help general understanding of the subject. In addition there are three chapters dealing specifically with molecular ecology. Thirty-two pages of colour photos incorporate about seventy views and light micrographs. These features make the book valuable to a wide readership, including biologists, microbiologists, geologists, water managers and environmental consultants. The book complements the highly successful The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria already published by Kluwer.
| Author | : Peter Fay |
| Publisher | : Elsevier Science Limited |
| Total Pages | : 543 |
| Release | : 1987-01-01 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9780444808400 |
Blue-green algae, now called cyanobacteria, are the subject of this volume, which is intended to provide a much-needed up-to-date treatise providing a useful source of essential information for specialists in cyanobacteria, as well as for research workers, teachers and students of biology in general.
