The Synthesis and Characterization of Reversed Phase Stationary Phases for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The Synthesis and Characterization of Reversed Phase Stationary Phases for High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Author: Karen Wink Barnes
Publisher:
Total Pages: 324
Release: 1986
Genre: High performance liquid chromatography
ISBN:

Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is a widely used separation technique today. The stationary phase, composed of hydrocarbon moieties chemically bound to a silica support, is commonly prepared by refluxing the silica with a reactive silane in an appropriate solvent. Siloxane bonds, Si-O-Si, are formed. There are limitations to RPLC in that nonhomogeneous surface coverages, detrimental to efficient separations, result from the bonding process, and because the reaction is never complete due to steric restrictions. Also, silica is soluble at high pH values, and the Si-C bond binding the hydrocarbon to the silica is labile at low pH ranges. Thus, the usable pH range for silica stationary phases is 2.5 to 7.5, and often this range is too narrow to allow the separation of a mixture. The use of ultrasonic cavitation to catalyze silane bonding was investigated to dtermine whether the vigorous ultrasonic process would drive reagents into the surface pores and better distribute the hydrocar bonaceous reagent, thereby producing a more efficient stationary phase. Tandem reactions proved that ultrasonic bonding procedures are as effective as the refluxed, and that the chromatographic efficiency of the ultrasonic phases was comparable, if not superior, to the refluxed. Chromatographic tests also indicated the ultrasonic phases were comparable to commercially available phases. The reproducibility of the reactions and the effect of acoustic power and heat were also investigated. A second set of experiments investigated substitution of alumina for silica because the alumina crystalline structure remains intact over a pH range of 2 to 12. A trifunctional modification scheme generating a thick cross-linked hydrocarbon matte was used because the Al-0 bond is susceptible to hydrolysis, which strips the bound hydrocarbons, by polar RP solvents. Five aluminas were bonded and tested for chromatographic utility. Reaction conditions were optimized, and ultrasonic bonding was investigated. It was found that alumina with a sufficiently active surface is modifiable, and that the modified surface is remarkably stable for use with acidic and basic buffers and in neutral, polar solvent mixtures. The chromatographic utility of alumina phases was demonstrated and compared with the silica results.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Four Novel Stationary Phases in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Synthesis and Evaluation of Four Novel Stationary Phases in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Author: Niloofar Salehi
Publisher:
Total Pages: 129
Release: 2012
Genre: High performance liquid chromatography
ISBN:

High pressure liquid chromatography is one of the most frequently used methods for the separation of mixtures. Chemically modified silica hydride stationary phases, due to their unique selectivity and versatility, have been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past several years. The objective of fabricating stationary phases with dual properties is to achieve separation of both polar and non-polar components in a single analysis. Due to an increasing demand in the fields of drug discovery, proteomics, and metabolomics to analyze numerous samples with a wide range of polarities, there is a need for more versatile stationary phases for a wide range of applications. In order to meet the above objective, in this research four novel silica hydride-based columns were synthesized using a hydrosilation procedure. The characterization of each column was done using a series of polar and nonpolar compounds by studying their aqueous normal phase and reversed-phase chromatographic behavior. Under these conditions, it turned out that two columns showed both RP and ANP behaviors. Of the remaining columns, one exhibited ANP behavior only and the other performed only in the reversed-phase mode.

UHPLC in Life Sciences

UHPLC in Life Sciences
Author: Davy Guillarme
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Total Pages: 467
Release: 2012
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1849733880

This book presents a comprehensive overview of UHPLIC and is essential reading to newcomers to field and postgradutes and an essential handbook for experienced users of the technique.