Nonlinear Pricing Strategies and Competitive Conditions in the Airline Industry

Nonlinear Pricing Strategies and Competitive Conditions in the Airline Industry
Author: Manuel A. Hernandez
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper empirically examines the effect of competitive conditions on nonlinear pricing strategies in the airline industry. We use a unique data set to analyze the impact of concentration and the competitive pressures generated by Southwest and other low cost carriers on the relative prices within a menu of fares. The menu orders tickets by quality based upon cabin and ticket restrictions. We analyze the ratio of fares charged for various qualities within the menu to the fares charged for the lowest quality nonrefundable, restricted tickets. We observe a fare compression for only the highest fares on only the most concentrated (i.e., monopoly) routes. This result is something of a puzzle given a monopolist's market power. We find, however, that actual and potential competition from Southwest reduces low end fares and generally leads to substantial fare compression throughout the fare menu.

Pricing Behaviour and Non-Price Characteristics in the Airline Industry

Pricing Behaviour and Non-Price Characteristics in the Airline Industry
Author: James Peoples
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
Total Pages: 332
Release: 2012-01-03
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1780524692

Provokes the reader to think critically about the emergence of corporate styles of governance, management and leadership in higher education institutions (HEIs) and ways in which the demands of public management and the knowledge economy has shaped and re-shaped scholarly work and identity.

Development Studies in Regional Science

Development Studies in Regional Science
Author: Zhenhua Chen
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 568
Release: 2020-02-21
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9811514356

This book examines major policy and planning issues in development studies from the regional science perspective. It investigates questions such as: “How are communities able to deal with uncertainties raised by conflicts, technology, and external shocks in the process of development?”; “How can nations achieve sustainable development in terms of resource allocation and management?”; and “How can developing countries improve their economic competitiveness while maintaining the objectives of equitable and coordinated growth among different regions?” using case studies that focus on different subfields, like infrastructure, environment, data science, sustainability and resilience. The book is organized in three parts. Part I clarifies fundamental issues regarding development studies and regional science in general, while Part II includes several case studies that address development-related opportunities and challenges with a focus on Asian countries. Lastly, Part III offers a global perspective and explores development experiences from countries throughout the world. Featuring contributions by leading academics and practitioners working at various organizations linked to international development, and including multidisciplinary analyses, the book appeals to students who are interested in development studies and regional science. It also offers planners and policymakers fresh insights into regional economic development.

Optimal Pricing and Seat Allocation in the Airline Industry Under the Market Competition

Optimal Pricing and Seat Allocation in the Airline Industry Under the Market Competition
Author: Syed Asif Raza
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2007
Genre:
ISBN:

The current practice of revenue management is either quantity based or price based. A quantity based revenue management is most commonly observed in the airline industry; whereas a price based revenue management is practiced in retail enterprises. Recent improvement of information technology has not only increased the market size, but also has increased market competition. In a competitive environment customers choose among substitutable products depending on several rationalities, however a paramount factor in most selections is price. This thesis investigates pricing issue in revenue management and makes three contributions. First, price based revenue management is studied in the airline industry in a competitive market. Airlines compete for customers using their fare pricing strategies while having fixed capacity allocated in each fare class. The demand for each fare class of an airline is dependent on its fare price and the fare price offered by rival airline(s). A game theoretic approach is used to address the problem assuming both the deterministic and stochastic price sensitive customer demand for each fare class. The existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium for the game is shown for both deterministic and stochastic demands. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine fare pricing in each fare class considering various situations in the case of deterministic demand. The analysis is further extended to stochastic price sensitive demand, and a sensitivity analysis of the fare prices for each fare class is also reported. Second, an integrated approach to price and quantity based revenue management with an application to the airline industry is presented. The models proposed enable joint control of fare pricing and seat allocation in a duopoly competitive market. Both non cooperative and cooperative bargaining games are studied. Numerical experimentation is performed to study both competitive and cooperative fare pricing along with seat inventory control assuming a nested control on booking limits. In the case of a non cooperative game, Nash equilibrium for the competing airlines is determined assuming both symmetric and asymmetric market competition. A sensitivity analysis based on a statistical design of experiments is also presented to study the behavior of the game. Statistical evidence is established which shows that cooperation improves the revenue to the competing airlines. Lastly, a distribution free approach for pricing in revenue management is explored. The approach assumes the worst possible demand distribution and optimizes the lower bound estimate on revenue, while jointly controlling the price and capacity. The approach is first addressed to revenue management's most commonly observed standard newsvendor problem. Extensions to the problem are identified which can be applied to airline industry. Later the analysis is extended to consider the following cases: a shortage cost penalty; a holding and shortage cost; a recourse cost, with a second purchasing opportunity; and the case of random yields. An application of the approach is also suggested to capacity constrained industries facing restrictions such as limited budget. A numerical study reveals that the approach results in a near optimal estimate on revenue. Using a statistical comparison it is also shown that the outcomes of the standard newsvendor problem are significantly different than its extensions.

Cleared for Take-Off

Cleared for Take-Off
Author: Thomas C. Lawton
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 235
Release: 2017-03-02
Genre: Transportation
ISBN: 1351951025

Competition in air transport has been transformed by industry liberalization initiatives, resulting in the emergence of a wide array of new airline start-ups. Restrictions on low fares have been removed, uniform control requirements have been established, and legislation has facilitated the proliferation of low-fare carriers and competition. The new breed of independent low-fare airlines (LFAs) use market freedoms to shake up the industry's competitive dynamics and offer the customer the alternative of low prices and basic service. A successful low fare business model requires a ruthless and relentless focus on cost cutting and increased operational productivity, combined with an ability to generate and maintain a cash surplus and a cautious but steady fleet and route network expansion. The mastery of these techniques has made Southwest and Ryanair industry leaders, but others such as EasyJet also have a proven record of profitability and market growth, despite not always being the lowest cost or price providers. In this comprehensive and topical study the author systematically provides: · a step-by-step approach to understanding the conditions and choices shaping airline competitiveness, and an assessment of the nature of the low fare market · a comprehensive study of the low fare airline sector's evolution and growth and arguments as to why the European low fare industry is here to stay despite the inevitability of a shake out (reminiscent of the early 1980s in the USA). · unique insights into the success of low fare market leaders in Europe, North America and Australasia and an examination of the experience of US new entrants in the post-deregulations era, to discern strategic lessons for their counterparts; · critical perspectives on strategic management principles and practices in modern airline companies, discussing strategies for survival, and comparing competitive strategies for the main low fare airlines and their limitations; · key reasons for the robustness of the low fare business model during industry crises The book also determines the conditions and strategies that shape sustainable advantage for LFAs in highly competitive deregulated markets where established airlines seek to force out new entrants and considerable political interference remains. Moreover, the book considers why, during the airline industry crisis of late 2001, the market capitalizations of low fare leaders held steady in the wake of the US terrorist attacks, while the major carriers on both sides of the Atlantic were decimated. Cleared for Take-Off is essential reading for airline executives, aerospace manufacturers, regulatory and government transportation agencies, researchers or students of aviation management, transport studies, the travel industry and/or corporate strategy.

Price Differentiation and Yield Management in the Airline Industry

Price Differentiation and Yield Management in the Airline Industry
Author: Paul Freudensprung
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 25
Release: 2012-03-02
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3869437723

Seminar paper from the year 1998 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, grade: 1.2, The University of Sydney, language: English, abstract: This paper discusses the practice of price differentiation in the airline industry and how airlines use yield management systems to control their different prices. Consequently it is explained how price differentiation is realised. Emphasis has been laid on discussing whether price differentiation is discriminatory and why it should be acceptable, even if it is discriminatory. In the second part the principles of yield management are explained and the major challenges with regards to the latest developments in electronic commerce are reviewed.

Competition versus Predation in Aviation Markets

Competition versus Predation in Aviation Markets
Author: Peter Forsyth
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 375
Release: 2018-01-18
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1351161393

Prior to liberalization, there was little scope for predatory behaviour in the aviation market. However, following deregulation, new entrants sought to compete with entrenched incumbents. Low-cost carriers (LCCs) gained significant market share, which in turn provoked many different kinds of defensive response. Having put pressure on established carriers, low-cost airlines are themselves feeling the pressure of competition from new operators. While it is normal and natural for airlines to react to competition - modifying their services, the ways in which they offer them and their prices - when does aggressive commercial behaviour go too far and become predation? This book considers what exactly is meant by 'predation' in the aviation environment, and explores the strategies LCCs adopt in order to gain market share, as well as the strategies of the established airlines in response to competition from new entrants to the market. It also addresses the key question of what competition policy should do to ensure intensive competition. Competition versus Predation in Aviation Markets brings together contributions from around the world, from airlines, government agencies, leading academics and consultants, providing a wealth of perspectives on a business practice crucial to airline survival.