Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes

Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes
Author: Yuri B. Zudin
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 573
Release: 2021-02-27
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 303067553X

This present book is concerned with analytical approaches to statement and solution of problems of non-equilibrium evaporation and condensation. From analytical solutions, one is capable to understand and represent in a transparent form the principal laws, especially in the study of a new phenomenon or a process. This is why analytical methods are always employed on the first stage of mathematical modeling. Analytical solutions are also used as test models for validation of results numerical solutions. Non-equilibrium evaporation and condensation processes play an important role in a number of fundamental and applied problems: laser methods for processing of materials, depressurization of the protection cover of nuclear propulsion units, solar radiation on a comet surface, explosive boiling of superheated liquid, thermodynamic principles of superfluid helium. Analytical relations provide an adequate description of the essence of a physical phenomenon.

Liquid-vapor Phase-change Phenomena

Liquid-vapor Phase-change Phenomena
Author: Van P. Carey
Publisher: Hemisphere Pub
Total Pages: 645
Release: 1992
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780891168362

This advanced textbook for courses covering heat transfer with phase change, was developed based on the author's wide experience of teaching courses on the subject. In his comprehensive treatment, Carey offers, through illustrative examples and problems, a presentation of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and interfacial phenomena associated with vaporization and condensation processes, in addition to fundamentals of heat tranfer and fluid flow mechanisms. The sequence in which the material is presented is designed to facilitate instruction at the advanced undergraduate level in mechanical and chemical engineering. Tables of thermophysical properties are included in an appendix to aid in the solution to many of the homework problems.

Macroscopic Modelling of the Phase Interface in Non-equilibrium Evaporation/condensation Based on the Enskog-Vlasov Equation

Macroscopic Modelling of the Phase Interface in Non-equilibrium Evaporation/condensation Based on the Enskog-Vlasov Equation
Author: Hamidreza Jahandideh
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2022
Genre:
ISBN:

Considerable jump and slip phenomena are observed at the non-equilibrium phase interface in microflows. Hence, accurate modelling of the liquid-vapour interface transport mechanisms that matches the observations is required, e.g. in applications such as micro/nanotechnology and micro fuel cells. In the sharp interface model, the classical Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) equations can be used in the liquid and vapour phases, while the interface resistivities describe the jump and slip phenomena at the interface. However, resistivities are challenging to find from the measurements, and most of the classical kinetic theories consider them as constants. One possible approach is to determine them from a model that resolves the phase interface. In order to resolve the interface and the transport processes at and in front of the interface in high resolutions, there are two ways in general, microscopic or macroscopic. The microscopic studies are based either on molecular dynamics (MD) or kinetic models, such as the Enskog-Vlasov (EV) equation. The EV equation modifies the Boltzmann equation by considering dense gas effects, such as the interaction forces between the particles and their finite size. It can be solved by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, which considers sample particles that stand in for thousands to hundred thousands of particles and determine most likely collisions based on interaction probabilities, but it is time-consuming and costly. Here, a closed set of 26-moment equations is numerically solved to resolve the liquid-vapour interface macroscopically while considering the dense gas and phase change effects. The 26-moment set of equations is derived by Struchtrup & Frezzotti as an approximation of the EV equation using Grad's moment method. The macroscopic moment equations resolve the phase interface in a high resolution competitive to the microscopic studies. The resolved interface visualizes the interface structure and the changes of the system variables between the two phases at the interface. The 26-moment equations are solved for a one-dimensional steady-state system for non-equilibrium evaporation/condensation process. Then, solutions are used to find the jump and slip conditions at the interface, which leads to determining the interface resistivities at different interface temperatures and non-equilibrium strengths from the Linear Irreversible Thermodynamics (LIT). The interface resistivities show their dependence on the temperature of the liquid at the interface as well as the strength of the non-equilibrium process. As a result, in further studies, similar systems can be modelled using the sharp interface method with the appropriate jump conditions at the phase interface that can be found from the determined EV interface resistivities.

Non-Equilibrium Phenomena near Vapor-Liquid Interfaces

Non-Equilibrium Phenomena near Vapor-Liquid Interfaces
Author: Alexei Kryukov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 59
Release: 2013-03-28
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3319000837

This book presents information on the development of a non-equilibrium approach to the study of heat and mass transfer problems using vapor-liquid interfaces, and demonstrates its application to a broad range of problems. In the process, the following peculiarities become apparent: 1. At vapor condensation on the interface from gas-vapor mixture, non-condensable components can lock up the interface surface and condensation stops completely. 2. At the evolution of vapor film on the heater in superfluid helium (He-II), the boiling mass flux density from the vapor-liquid interface is effectively zero at the macroscopic scale. 3. In problems concerning the motion of He-II bridges inside capillaries filled by vapor, in the presence of axial heat flux the He-II bridge cannot move from the heater as would a traditional liquid, but in the opposite direction instead. Thus the heater attracts the superfluid helium bridge. 4. The shape of liquid-vapor interface at film boiling on the axis-symmetric heaters immersed in liquid greatly depends on heat flux in the interface. Thus a new type of hydrostatic problems appears when in contrast to traditional statements the shape of the liquid-vapor interface has a complex profile with a point of inflection and a smooth exit on a free liquid surface.

Acoustic Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

Acoustic Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics
Author: Kyuichi Yasui
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 131
Release: 2017-10-26
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3319682377

This brief explains in detail fundamental concepts in acoustic cavitation and bubble dynamics, and describes derivations of the fundamental equations of bubble dynamics in order to support those readers just beginning research in this field. Further, it provides an in-depth understanding of the physical basis of the phenomena. With regard to sonochemistry, the brief presents the results of numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside a bubble under ultrasound, especially for a single-bubble system and including unsolved problems. Written so as to be accessible both with and without prior knowledge of fundamental fluid dynamics, the brief offers a valuable resource for students and researchers alike, especially those who are unfamiliar with this field. A grasp of fundamental undergraduate mathematics such as partial derivative and fundamental integration is advantageous; however, even without any background in mathematics, readers can skip the equations and still understand the fundamental physics of the phenomena using the book’s wealth of illustrations and figures. As such, it is also suitable as an introduction to the field.

Evaporation, Condensation and Heat Transfer

Evaporation, Condensation and Heat Transfer
Author: Petros Antonis
Publisher:
Total Pages: 294
Release: 2016-04-01
Genre:
ISBN: 9781681173085

Heat is the kinetic energy of particles as they vibrate. If we heat the particles at one end of a material the particles at that end vibrate more (have more kinetic energy) and bump into the neighboring particles which causes them to vibrate more. They collide with their neighbors and so the energy passes from one particle to another through the material. Evaporation and condensation are two processes through which matter changes from one state to another. Matter can exist in three different states: solid, liquid, or gas. In evaporation, matter changes from a liquid to a gas. In condensation, matter changes from a gas to a liquid. All matter is made of tiny moving particles called molecules. Evaporation and condensation happen when these molecules gain or lose energy in the form of heat. Evaporation happens when a liquid is heated. The heat gives the liquid's molecules more energy. This energy causes the molecules to move faster. If they gain enough energy, the molecules near the surface break away. These molecules escape the liquid and enter the air as gas. Condensation happens when molecules in a gas cool down. As the molecules lose heat, they lose energy. As a result they slow down. They move closer to other gas molecules. Finally these molecules collect together to form a liquid. The theoretical analysis and modeling of heat and mass transfer rates produced in evaporation and condensation processes are noteworthy concerns in a design of extensive range of industrial processes and devices. The book Evaporation, Condensation and Heat transfer emphasizes on the current issues of modeling on evaporation, water vapor condensation, heat transfer and exchanger, and on fluid flow in different aspects. The approaches would be applicable in various industrial purposes as well. The advanced idea and information described here will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in an industrialized society..