Non-coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer

Non-coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Author: Ondrej Slaby
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 251
Release: 2016-08-29
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319420593

This is the first book to provide a broad framework for obtaining an in depth understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on abnormalities of non-coding RNAs found to be associated with colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Readers will discover possible mechanisms underlying the substantial roles played by non-coding RNAs in molecular hallmarks of colorectal cancer. This work further provides the comprehensive overview and novel insights into using of non-coding RNAs as colorectal cancer biomarkers enabling early detection of the disease, prognostic stratification of the patients and prediction of therapeutic response. The reader is introduced to the overview of modern non-coding RNAs-based therapeutic strategies, and summary of their preclinical testing performed in colorectal cancer. The work is written for researchers who want to explore current state of the knowledge in this interesting field of molecular oncology.

Cancer Genomics

Cancer Genomics
Author: Hui Ling
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Total Pages: 36
Release: 2013-11-21
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0128061227

The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) involvement in cancer a decade ago, and the more recent findings of long non-coding RNAs in human diseases, challenged the long-standing view that RNAs without protein-coding potential are simply “junk” transcription within the human genome. These findings evidently changed the dogma that “DNA makes RNA makes protein” by showing that RNAs themselves can be essential regulators of cellular function and play key roles in cancer development. MiRNAs are evolutionarily conserved short single-stranded transcripts of 19–24 nucleotides in length. They do not code for proteins, but change the final output of protein-coding genes by regulating their transcriptional and/or translation process. Ultraconserved genes (UCGs) are non-coding RNAs with longer length (>200bp) that are transcribed from the ultraconserved genomic region. Both miRNAs and UCGs are located within cancer-associated genomic regions (CAGRs) and can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In this chapter, we present principles and concepts that have been identified over the last decade with respect to our understanding of the function of non-coding RNAs, and summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs and UCGs in cancer development. Finally, we will conclude by discussing the translational potential of this knowledge into clinical settings such as cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

The Role of non-coding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers

The Role of non-coding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Author: Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 223
Release: 2024-03-08
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 2832546145

Gastrointestinal malignancies encompass a large number of tumor types, and collectively are responsible for a significant portion of new cancer cases annually. According to the IARC database, colorectal cancer alone is responsible for approximately 10% of new cases of cancer worldwide annually. There is significant heterogeneity across the various tumor types, with different pathways and factors involved in oncogenesis, as well as varying degrees of prognosis depending on the tumor type. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) contribute to a significant portion of the human transcriptome, and of particular interest are the micro-RNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular ncRNAs (circRNAs). With the advent of next-generation sequencing and new technologies such a minimally invasive biopsy techniques, there is a growing body of evidence elucidating the role of ncRNAs in the progression of various form of gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, in addition to their relevance to cancer progression, these ncRNAs have important potential as biomarkers and prognostic markers for various GI cancers.

Non-coding RNAs and Cancer

Non-coding RNAs and Cancer
Author: Muller Fabbri
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 287
Release: 2013-10-28
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1461484448

The discovery of microRNAs and its role as gene expression regulators in human carcinogenesis represents one of the most important scientific achievements of the last decade. More recently, other non-coding RNAs have been discovered and its implications in cancer are emerging as well, suggesting a broader than anticipated involvement of the non-coding genome in cancer. Moreover, completely new and unexpected functions for microRNAs are being revealed, leading to the identification of new anticancer molecular targets. This book represents a comprehensive guide on non-coding RNAs and cancer, spanning from its role as cancer biomarkers, to providing the most useful bioinformatic tools, to presenting some of the most relevant discoveries, which indicates how these fascinating molecules act as fine orchestrators of cancer biology.

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer
Author: Alfons Navarro
Publisher: Humana
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022-06-25
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9781071615836

This volume presents techniques needed for the study of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer from their identification to functional characterization. Chapters guide readers through identification of lncRNA expression signatures in cancer tissue or liquid biopsies by RNAseq, single Cell RNAseq, Phospho RNAseq or Nanopore Sequencing techniques; validation of lncRNA signatures by Real time PCR, digital PCR or in situ hybridization; and functional analysis by siRNA or CRISPR based methods for lncRNA silencing or overexpression. Lipid based nanoparticles for delivery of siRNAs in vivo, lncRNA-protein interactions, viral lncRNAs and circRNAs are also treated in this volume. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and practical, Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer aims to provide a collection of laboratory protocols, bioinformatic pipelines, and review chapters to further research in this vital field.

The Long and Short Non-coding RNAs in Cancer Biology

The Long and Short Non-coding RNAs in Cancer Biology
Author: Erwei Song
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 455
Release: 2016-07-04
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9811014981

The book conveys a comprehensive knowledge of long and short ncRNAs in cancer regulation and their potentials as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Topics covered include the molecular mechanisms of various classes of ncRNAs (with emphasis on long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs) in cancer, the functional roles of ncRNAs in regulating different cancer hallmarks (including proliferation, apoptosis, stem-cell properties, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metabolism, angiogenesis, tumor-host interactions and therapeutic resistance), the role of ncRNAs in regulating cancer signaling circuitry programs (highlighting their involvement in c-myc, p53 and NFkB signaling), a systemic summary of clinical and preclinical studies that evaluate the potential of ncRNA signatures for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and strategies to delivery short ncRNAs as therapeutic molecules for cancer treatment. This book may serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers, graduate students and oncologists in ncRNA and cancer research and help drug development by identifying ncRNA targets.

Clinical Applications of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer

Clinical Applications of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer
Author: Subash Gupta
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 479
Release: 2022-01-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128245514

Clinical Applications of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer summarizes the existing strategies, advances, and future opportunities on the role of noncoding RNAs in cancer patients. Established clinicians and researchers from all around the world share their views and expertise and provide readers with invaluable knowledge on the subject. This book provides a comprehensive collection of information on the utility of noncoding RNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. It also discusses the evolutionary significance of noncoding RNAs and how the molecular tools such as RNA-seq, RNA-FISH, ic-SHAPE, and quantitative real-time PCR help in the detection and elucidation of the functions of noncoding RNAs. Additionally, the challenges associated with noncoding RNA approaches and future developments are discussed. It is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, clinicians, and other biomedical field members who want to learn more about noninvasive ways to diagnose and efficiently treat diverse cancer types. Presents a beginning chapter summary to help readers understand the content thoroughly Encompasses detailed description of information from clinical studies on noncoding RNAs in cancer therapy Discusses one cancer type per chapter making the content easy to reference

Cellular Quiescence

Cellular Quiescence
Author: H. Daniel Lacorazza
Publisher: Humana Press
Total Pages: 303
Release: 2017-10-18
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9781493973705

This detailed volume explores methods and protocols that aim to increase our understanding of how cells enter a quiescent state during homeostasis and how cells exit quiescence and re-enter differentiating cell divisions to restore damaged tissues, essential for developing new approaches in regenerative medicine in the future. The chapters in this book were designed to address cellular quiescence in prokaryote and eukaryote organisms, detection of quiescence (Hoechst/pyronin Y, FUCCI, CFSE, BrdU, H2B-GFP, CyTOF), quiescence in stem cells (skin, intestinal, neuronal, hematopoietic), genomic regulation (gene expression, transcription factors, lncRNA, RNA methylation), as well as analysis of the heterogeneity of quiescence by computer modeling. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Cellular Quiescence: Methods and Protocols offers a broad view of basic and cutting-edge technology to inspire research in this emerging field of cell biology.

The Interplay of Genetic Variation and Regulation of Long Noncoding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer

The Interplay of Genetic Variation and Regulation of Long Noncoding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Author: Amany Abdel-Motaleb
Publisher:
Total Pages: 190
Release: 2018
Genre: Colon (Anatomy)
ISBN:

Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of death worldwide comprising ~8% of cancer deaths per year. The survival rates of metastatic CRC is 13% because of the lack of successful treatment due to a lack of understanding of the scope and environment of stage IV CRC. Materials and Methods: The transcripts of five normal colon mucosa tissue samples and their matched five stage IV CRC samples were chosen and analyzed from the dataset with the GEO Accession GSE50760. The Tuxedo Suite pipeline was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a fold change cut off of ≥ 0.5 and ≤ -0.5 and a p value cut off of ≤ 0.05. Using the the DEG list, PANTHER database was used for pathway enrichment. LncRNA2Target database was used to find associated long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of the genes of interest. The Integrated Genome Viewer (IGV) was used to visualize any mutations or variations among the genes of interest. DeepSEA was used to functionally predict any potential novel SNPs. Using literature along with the results from PANTHER, lncRNA2Target, and IGV a novel connection was deduced. Results: There were 5,303 DEGs. The Wnt pathway had the greatest portion of DEGs indicating pathway activity. Interestingly, a number of inhibitors of the Wnt pathway were also upregulated including WIF1 and SFRP4. LncRNA2Target analysis showed that HOTAIR, a lncRNA, has a number of target genes and effectively silenced all of its targets except for WIF1 and CD82 in this dataset. WIF1, CD82, and SFRP4 has increased fold change values of 5.165, 1.05, 2.121, respectively. Additionally, lncRNAs, UCA1 and CRNDE, were found to positively regulate WNT5A, WNT2 and WNT3 and were upregulated. Using the integrative genome viewer, 10 SNPs were found in WIF1, SFRP4, CD82, WNT5A, and UCA1 of which one was novel. The potentially novel SNP in CD82 was functionally predicted to create a binding site with ZBTB7A. Additionally, CDKN2A and CDKN2B were found to have decreased expression with a fold change value of -2.266. Discussion: One synonymous SNP was in WIF1 and CD82. The missense SNPs in SFRP4 and CD82 are likely causing protein dysfunction resulting in ill-inhibition of the WNT pathway and metastasis, respectively. The novel SNP was found in CD82 at the location chr11:44,619,242 in the 3' untranslated region. Functional prediction showed that this SNP may create a binding site with ZBTB7A which may be repressing CD82 function. Although most of the SNPs found were recorded to result in synonymous codons, the prevalence and frequency of these SNPs in these vital genes requires further investigation to confirm whether if these SNPs are coincidental or if they are damaging. Moreover, it is also probable that WIF1 and SFRP4 may be competing with UCA1 to exert their effects on WNT5A. CRNDE may also be competing to ultimately positively regulate WNT2 and WNT3. Together with the SNPs, HOTAIR may not be able to silence WIF1 and CD82, WIF1 and SFRP4 are ineffective in inhibiting the WNT ligands, the missense and the potentially novel SNPs in CD82 may be the cause for the lack of metastasis suppression. Finally, the downreglulation of CDKN2A and CDKN2B may be due to environmental and/or ethnic causes as shown in previous studies with Egyptian and Chinese CRC patients.