Impacts of COVID-19 on people’s food security: Foundations for a more resilient food system

Impacts of COVID-19 on people’s food security: Foundations for a more resilient food system
Author: Béné, Christophe
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 90
Release: 2021-02-20
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:

As part of the work implemented by CGIAR on COVID-19, the COVID-19 Research Hub Working Group 4 “Address food systems’ fragility and build back better” was tasked with implementing a global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food systems and their actors, focusing specifically on the consequences that the pandemic had brought on the food security and nutrition of those who have been affected by the crisis. This includes formal and informal actors of the food supply chains (from producers to street vendors) as well as consumers, in both rural and urban environments. Building on this assessment, the task was then to draw on key principles of resilience in the context of humanitarian and food security crisis, to identify preliminary elements of a food system resilience research agenda.

Impacts of COVID-19 on people’s food security: Foundations for a more resilient food system: Executive summary

Impacts of COVID-19 on people’s food security: Foundations for a more resilient food system: Executive summary
Author: Béné, Christophe
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 5
Release: 2021-02-24
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:

As part of the work implemented by CGIAR on COVID-19, the COVID-19 Research Hub Working Group 4 “Address food systems’ fragility and build back better” was tasked with implementing a global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food systems and their actors, focusing specifically on the consequences that the pandemic had brought on the food security and nutrition of those who have been affected by the crisis. This includes formal and informal actors of the food supply chains (from producers to street vendors) as well as consumers, in both rural and urban environments. Building on this assessment, the task was then to draw on key principles of resilience in the context of humanitarian and food security crisis, to identify preliminary elements of a food system resilience research agenda.

COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later

COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later
Author: McDermott, John
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 200
Release: 2022-03-07
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0896294226

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions caused by this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are likely to endure for years to come, with poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups the most affected. In COVID-19 & Global Food Security: Two Years Later, the editors bring together contributions from new IFPRI research, blogs, and the CGIAR COVID-19 Hub to examine the pandemic’s effects on poverty, food security, nutrition, and health around the world. This volume presents key lessons learned on food security and food system resilience in 2020 and 2021 and assesses the effectiveness of policy responses to the crisis. Looking forward, the authors consider how the pandemic experience can inform both recovery and longer-term efforts to build more resilient food systems.

2021 Global food policy report: Transforming food systems after COVID-19

2021 Global food policy report: Transforming food systems after COVID-19
Author: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 124
Release: 2021-04-13
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0896293998

The coronavirus pandemic has upended local, national, and global food systems, and put the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach. But lessons from the world’s response to the pandemic can help address future shocks and contribute to food system change. In the 2021 Global Food Policy Report, IFPRI researchers and other food policy experts explore the impacts of the pandemic and government policy responses, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged, and consider what this means for transforming our food systems to be healthy, resilient, efficient, sustainable, and inclusive. Chapters in the report look at balancing health and economic policies, promoting healthy diets and nutrition, strengthening social protection policies and inclusion, integrating natural resource protection into food sector policies, and enhancing the contribution of the private sector. Regional sections look at the diverse experiences around the world, and a special section on finance looks at innovative ways of funding food system transformation. Critical questions addressed include: - Who felt the greatest impact from falling incomes and food system disruptions caused by the pandemic? - How can countries find an effective balance among health, economic, and social policies in the face of crisis? - How did lockdowns affect diet quality and quantity in rural and urban areas? - Do national social protection systems such as cash transfers have the capacity to protect poor and vulnerable groups in a global crisis? - Can better integration of agricultural and ecosystem polices help prevent the next pandemic? - How did companies accelerate ongoing trends in digitalization and integration to keep food supply chains moving? - What different challenges did the pandemic spark in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and how did these regions respond?

Effects of COVID-19 and other shocks on Papua New Guinea’s food economy: A multi-market simulation analysis

Effects of COVID-19 and other shocks on Papua New Guinea’s food economy: A multi-market simulation analysis
Author: Diao, Xinshen
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 51
Release: 2021-02-19
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:

Understanding how the Papua New Guinea (PNG) agricultural economy and associated household consumption is affected by climate, market and other shocks requires attention to linkages and substitution effects across various products and the markets in which they are traded. In this study, we use a multi-market simulation model of the PNG food economy that explicitly includes production, consumption, external trade and prices of key agricultural commodities to quantify the likely impacts of a set of potential shocks on household welfare and food security in PNG. In this study, we use a multi-market simulation model of the PNG food economy that explicitly includes production, consumption, external trade and prices of key agricultural commodities to quantify the likely impacts of a set of potential shocks on household welfare and food security in PNG. We have built the model to be flexible in order to explore different potential scenarios and then identify where and how households are most affected by an unexpected shock. The model is designed using region and country-level data sources that inform the structure of the PNG food economy, allowing for a data-driven evaluation of potential impacts on agricultural production, food prices, and food consumption. Thus, as PNG confronts different unexpected challenges within its agricultural economy, the model presented in this paper can be adapted to evaluate the potential impact and necessary response by geographic region of an unexpected economic shock on the food economy of the country. We present ten simulations modeling the effects of various shocks on PNG’s economy. The first group of scenarios consider the effects of shocks to production of specific agricultural commodities including: 1) a decrease on maize and sorghum output due to Fall Armyworm; 2) reduction in pig production due to a potential outbreak of African Swine Fever; 3) decline in sweet potato production similar to the 2015/16 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate shock; and 4) a decline in poultry production due to COVID-19 restrictions on domestic mobility and trade. A synopsis of this report, which focuses on the COVID-19 related shocks on the PNG economy is also available online (Diao et al., 2020).1 The second group of simulations focus on COVID-19-related changes in international prices, increased marketing costs in international and domestic trade, and reductions in urban incomes. We simulate a 1) 30 percent increase in the price of imported rice, 2) a 30 percent decrease in world prices for major PNG agricultural exports, 3) higher trade transaction costs due to restrictions on the movement of people (traders) and goods given social distancing measures of COVID-19, and 4) potential economic recession causing urban household income to fall by 10 percent. Finally, the last simulation considers the combined effect of all COVID-19 related shocks combining the above scenarios into a single simulation. A key result of the analysis is that urban households, especially the urban poor, are particularly vulnerable to shocks related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Lower economic activity in urban areas (assumed to reduce urban non-agricultural incomes by 10 percent), increases in marketing costs due to domestic trade disruptions, and 30 percent higher imported rice prices combine to lower urban incomes by almost 15 percent for both poor and non-poor urban households. Urban poor households, however, suffer the largest drop in calorie consumption - 19.8 percent, compared to a 15.8 percent decline for urban non-poor households. Rural households are much less affected by the Covid-19 related shocks modeled in these simulations. Rural household incomes, affected mainly by reduced urban demand and market disruptions, fall by only about four percent. Nonetheless, calorie consumption for the rural poor and non-poor falls by 5.5 and 4.2 percent, respectively.

Impacts of COVID-19 on food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria

Impacts of COVID-19 on food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria
Author: Amare, Mulubrhan
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 43
Release: 2020-08-11
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:

This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to quantify the overall and differential impacts of COVID-19 on household food security, labor market participation and local food prices in Nigeria. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that those households exposed to higher COVID-19 cases or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that COVID-19 significantly reduces labor market participation and increases food prices. We find that impacts differ by economic activities and households. For instance, lockdown measures increased households' experience of food insecurity by 12 percentage points and reduced the probability of participation in non-farm business activities by 13 percentage points. These lockdown measures have smaller impacts on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, those with school-aged children, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food insecurity. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic, as well as guide targeting strategies of governments and international donor agencies by identifying the most impacted sub-populations.

Operationalizing Multisectoral Nutrition Programs to Accelerate Progress

Operationalizing Multisectoral Nutrition Programs to Accelerate Progress
Author: Ali Winoto Subandoro
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

Malnutrition continues to be one of the world's most critical health and human development challenges, threatening countries' Universal Health Coverage (UHC) goals and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Given the complex, multifactorial, and interlinked determinants of nutritional status and well-being, multisectoral nutrition programming has been widely promoted as the most effective way to address the direct and indirect determinants of malnutrition and to improve nutrition outcomes. Robust governance systems are essential for implementing multisectoral nutrition interventions and creating cost-effective and sustainable programs. The objectives of this report are to (i) document and synthesize implementation experiences, challenges, and opportunities from seven countries supported by the World Bank and Global Financing Facility (GFF) in operationalizing large-scale multisectoral nutrition projects that emphasize and strengthen governance (Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Rwanda); and (ii) facilitate cross-country learning. Given that the seven countries used as examples in this report are still implementing their multisectoral programs, the report focuses on documenting progress and lessons learned on implementation modalities and innovations, rather than highlighting impact at this stage. The report uses a multisectoral governance framework, adapted from Gillespie, Van Den Bold, and Hodge (2019), to synthesize the implementation experiences across the World Bank/GFF-financed multisectoral nutrition projects. The report provides eight lessons learned, organized under three broad categories: (1) Advocacy, leadership, and institutional support for multisectoral nutrition; (2) Management capacity and financing; and (3) Results measurement, monitoring, and accountability.

Action Plan on Nutrition

Action Plan on Nutrition
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN: 9789276410188

This sixth progress report marks a critical juncture between two European Union (EU) programming cycles: 2014-2020 and 2021-2027. The report provides an update on achievements with respect to the two ambitious commitments on nutrition: to support partner countries to reduce the number of stunted children under the age of five by at least 7 million by 2025; and to allocate EUR 3.5 billion to nutrition between 2014 and 2020. The annual resource tracking exercise presented here confirms that by 2020, the EU's EUR 3.5 billion global pledge for nutrition had been achieved and even surpassed by EUR 800 million. In 2019 alone, the latest year for which officially reported data are available, the 41 EU nutrition-related financing decisions approved had nutrition-relevant components amounting to EUR 623.3 million, including the highest overall share of budget support achieved to date. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to devastate lives around the world, the global backdrop to this report would have been unimaginable in 2014. With respect to stunting reduction, trends and estimates from data available prior to the onset of COVID-19 indicate that compared to 2014, the number of children who would have been averted from stunting by 2025 had risen fourfold in the 40 countries prioritising nutrition: from 1 million to 4.2 million. The proportion of children suffering from stunting had fallen by an average of 6.2 percentage points. Additional progress had also been made in the majority of these countries in terms of child wasting, low birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting impacts on people's lives, significant ground may have been lost. Even before this crisis and despite the important EU contribution, the world remained off track to meet the internationally agreed World Health Assembly (WHA) target for stunting reduction. COVID-19 shines a spotlight on the strong causal connection between the widespread reductions in household income arising from pandemic-related disruptions and the fact that modest gains made in reducing global maternal and child undernutrition now stand to be reversed. The crisis has also highlighted the existence of shared commonalities and converging effects across biodiversity loss, climate change and human health and nutrition. It has underscored the critical role of nutrition in strengthening people's immune systems, with poor diets and associated co-morbidities dramatically increasing the risk of severe complications and death as a result of the virus. A detailed regional perspective is provided in this report to assess the delivery of country-level results against the three strategic priorities for nutrition outlined in the Nutrition Communication and Action Plan. The analysis reinforces the EU's conviction that what works best for improved nutrition is a locally adapted, sustained, multi-sectoral and rights-based approach with a strong focus on tackling entrenched inequalities such as those relating to wealth and gender. This approach will continue to remain at the heart of the EU's efforts to address malnutrition in all its forms. The year 2021 has been heralded as the International Year of Nutrition, hosting both the United Nations Food Systems Summit and the Tokyo Nutrition for Growth Summit. The EU welcomes these global initiatives as crucial steps forward for global recovery efforts, supporting the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals. Correspondingly, the EU's engagement at all levels remains driven by a commitment to ensure access for all to sufficient, safe and affordable food and healthy diets within our planetary boundaries, in line with the Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy, while simultaneously addressing the broader drivers of malnutrition in all its forms - whether poverty, inequality, climate change, biodiversity loss, forced migration or conflict.