Modelling The Respiratory Control System In Human Subjects For Exercise Conditions
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| Author | : Husni Thamrin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
A model is a very helpful tool to describe, interpret and explain the behaviour of a highly complex system such as the human respiratory system. The research work presented in this thesis is concerned with the development of a nonlinear dynamic simulation model of the respiratory control system in human subjects for exercise conditions. Modelling the respiratory system is not a new activity but the development of a general model that takes into account the conditions above the lactate threshold has not been attempted previously because of a number of problems that arise for these particular operating conditions. Many variables become increasingly non linear in terms of their temporal pattern and magnitudes. Also metabolic acidosis, which is negligible below the lactate threshold, cannot be neglected for exercise conditions that take the system above the lactate threshold. The current work has established a general model that applies for exercise conditions below and above the lactate threshold. The model takes into account the factor of metabolic acidosis, which is calculated by estimating the production and consumption of lactate in body tissues and its kinetics in the blood. The slow component increase of muscle energetics and O2 extraction is also considered. Well established algorithms are employed to estimate the O2 and CO2 dissociation curves and the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram is used to calculate blood pH. The model is able to reproduce the main features of the system response in terms of ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange during moderate and heavy exercise. It is also able to reproduce the characteristics of several blood quantities including arterial gas partial pressures, arterial O2 and CO2 concentrations, mixed-venous and arterial pH and also lactate and bicarbonate concentrations. Potential applications of the model include describing the contribution of haemoglobin to performance in exercise conditions, estimating how cardiac output should change during heavy exercise, describing the effect of acidosis, and describing the changes of body CO2 stores during exercise. Assumptions, limitations and procedures for testing and evaluating the model are discussed, along with suggestions for further developments that could lead to possible improvements of the model and thus to an extension of the range of problems to which the model could be applied.
| Author | : F.S. Grodins |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 488 |
| Release | : 1989 |
| Genre | : Gardening |
| ISBN | : |
The fourth Oxford Conference entitled "Control of Breathing: A Model ing Perspective" was held in September of 1988 at Grand Lake, Colorado. Grand Lake, also called Spirit Lake, was chosen for the fourth meet i ng so as to continue the meditative atmosphere of the previ ous meetings and to put the conference on a new higher plane (8,500 feet). The weather, as promised, exhibited its random-like rain showers. The snow report became essential for traveling the 12,000 foot passes to and from Grand Lake. Even the servi ces such as telephone and elect ri city proved to be uncertain. In all, the overall atmosphere of Spirit Lake contributed to an uninhibited free-style of presentation and interaction. All of us who attend the Oxford Conferences share a common interest in exploring respiratory control and the regulation of breathing. Modeling has become an adjunct to our exploration process. For us, models are tools that extend our ability to conceptualize just as instruments are tools that extend our ability to measure. And so these meetings attract physicians, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers who are modelers and modelers who are engineers, mathematicians, physiologists and physicians. Four of these physician-modelers have now passed away. They have been very important mentors for many of us. J. W. Bellville was my Ph.D. dissertation advisor at Stanford who introduced me to the intrigue of respiratory control. G. F. Filley was my colleague at the University of Colorado who enhanced my thinking about respiratory control. E. S.
| Author | : Jerry J. Batzel |
| Publisher | : SIAM |
| Total Pages | : 289 |
| Release | : 2007-09-20 |
| Genre | : Mathematics |
| ISBN | : 0898717450 |
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Control uses a principle-based modeling approach and analysis of feedback control regulation to elucidate the physiological relationships. Models are arranged around specific questions or conditions, such as exercise or sleep transition, and are generally based on physiological mechanisms rather than on formal descriptions of input-output behavior. The authors ask open questions relevant to medical and clinical applications and clarify underlying themes of physiological control organization. Current problems, key issues, developing trends, and unresolved questions are highlighted. Researchers and graduate students in mathematical biology and biomedical engineering will find this book useful. It will also appeal to researchers in the physiological and life sciences who are interested in mathematical modeling.
| Author | : Carlo Strippoli |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 122 |
| Release | : 1973 |
| Genre | : Respiration |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Michitoshi Inoue |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 330 |
| Release | : 2013-11-09 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 4431683674 |
Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.
| Author | : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 728 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : Government publications |
| ISBN | : |
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
| Author | : J. Gordon Betts |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2013-04-25 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781947172807 |
| Author | : G. Kim Prisk |
| Publisher | : Biota Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 88 |
| Release | : 2013-08-01 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1615044515 |
The lung receives the entire cardiac output from the right heart and must load oxygen onto and unload carbon dioxide from perfusing blood in the correct amounts to meet the metabolic needs of the body. It does so through the process of passive diffusion. Effective diffusion is accomplished by intricate parallel structures of airways and blood vessels designed to bring ventilation and perfusion together in an appropriate ratio in the same place and at the same time. Gas exchange is determined by the ventilation-perfusion ratio in each of the gas exchange units of the lung. In the normal lung ventilation and perfusion are well matched, and the ventilation-perfusion ratio is remarkably uniform among lung units, such that the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries is less than 10 Torr lower than that in the alveolar space. In disease, the disruption to ventilation-perfusion matching and to diffusional transport may result in inefficient gas exchange and arterial hypoxemia. This volume covers the basics of pulmonary gas exchange, providing a central understanding of the processes involved, the interactions between the components upon which gas exchange depends, and basic equations of the process.
| Author | : Guido Ferretti |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 196 |
| Release | : 2015-03-25 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3319056360 |
This book discusses the maximal power and capacity of the three major biochemical pathways - aerobic (oxygen consumption), anaerobic lactic (muscle lactate accumulation in absence of oxygen consumption), and anaerobic alactic (phosphocreatine hydrolysis) metabolism - as well as the factors that limit them. It also discusses the metabolic and cardio-pulmonary mechanisms of the dynamic response to exercise. The way and extent to which the power and capacity of the three major energy metabolisms are affected under a number of different conditions, such as training, hypoxia and microgravity, are also described.
| Author | : Donald W. Pfaff |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2016-10-27 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9781493934737 |
Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
