This book discusses the development of indigenous patterns of small-scale complexity during the Early Bronze I and II periods (ca. 3500-2700 BCE) in the Southern Levant. Aspects of methodology are outlined, including an assessment of archaeological surveys and their limitations. The book discusses the background to the emergence of complex societies during the fourth and third millennia BCE, suggesting that the Southern Levant was 'preadapted' to cycles of rising and collapsing complexity by mechanisms of social decomposition and reformulation. Using settlement pattern data as a focal point, the book synthesizes the available data for the emergence of Early Bronze II 'urbanism' and trade-oriented economies in the Southern Levant from Early Bronze I village-level organization, stressing the importance of intersocietal contacts, Mediterranean crop production, and highland-lowland exchange. The book is designed to synthesize the evidence for early urban development in the Southern Levant, and to situate the discussion in terms generally associated with the large 'core' civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. It therefore addresses issues of interest to scholars working in the Southern Levant as well as those seeking cross-cultural perspectives on early complex societies.