Capital Structure and the Design of Managerial Compensation

Capital Structure and the Design of Managerial Compensation
Author: Dilip B. Madan
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 1999
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper provides an optimal design of managerial compensation in the presence of an exogenous capital structure with its associated debt agency costs. The model entails the analysis of a three-party conflict between debtholders, equity holders, and management. Equityholders, as principals owning a production technology, design a compensation contract for managers. Management is engaged solely in the choice of project risk with risky return outcomes along a production frontier. It is shown that, in the absence of debt, risk averse managers would tend to risk-shift downwards, realizing suboptimal firm value. In the presence of a senior debt claim equity holders find it advantageous to choose higher risk projects and it is possible that for sufficiently high debt levels, the agency costs of debt and managerial risk aversion counterbalance each other, with the final outcome coinciding with first best risk choices. The empirical relationship between capital structure and compensation is also studied, as are the implications of debt and risk aversion for the pay- performance relations.

Paying CEOs in Bankruptcy

Paying CEOs in Bankruptcy
Author: M. Todd Henderson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 63
Release: 2006
Genre: Bankruptcy
ISBN:

Conventional wisdom suggests that high agency costs explain the (excessive) amounts and (inefficient) forms of CEO compensation. This paper offers a simple empirical test of this claim and the reform proposals that follow from it, by looking at pay practices in firms under financial distress, where agency costs are dramatically reduced. When a firm files for Chapter 11 or privately works out its debt with lenders, sophisticated investors consolidate ownership interests into a few large positions replacing diffuse and disinterested shareholders. These investors, be they banks or vulture investors, effectively control the debtor during the reorganization process. In addition, all the other players in compensation decisions - boards, courts, and other stakeholders - play a much more active role than for healthy firms. In other words, agency costs are much lower in Chapter 11 firms. Accordingly, if pay practices look the same in bankruptcy as they do in healthy firms, we can conclude that either (1) the current practices are efficient, or (2) that proposals to change executive compensation by reducing agency costs are incomplete. The data support one of these hypotheses: amounts and forms of compensation remain largely unchanged as agency costs are reduced, and look similar to those of healthy firms.

The Control of Corporate Europe

The Control of Corporate Europe
Author: Fabrizio Barca
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Total Pages: 354
Release: 2001-11-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0191530050

Written by an international team of authors, this book provides the first systematic account of the control of corporate Europe based on voting block data disclosed in accordance with the European Union's Large Holdings Directive (88/627/EEC). The study provides detailed information on the voting control of companies listed on the official markets in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and, as a benchmark comparison, the United States. The authors record a high concentration of control of corporations in many European countries with single blockholders frequently controlling more than fifty per cent of corporate votes. In contrast, a majority of UK listed companies have no blockholder owning more than ten per cent of shares, and a majority of US listed companies have no blockholder with more than six per cent of shares. Those chapters devoted to individual countries illustrate how blockholders can use legal devices to leverage their voting power over their cash-flow rights, or how incumbents prevent outsiders from gaining voting control. It is shown that the cultural and linguistic diversity of Europe is (almost) matched by its variety of corporate control arrangements.

Managerial Discretion, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure

Managerial Discretion, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure
Author: Paul D. Childs
Publisher:
Total Pages: 52
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

In a dynamic continuous-time model, we examine the impact of a manager-shareholder conflict over the choice of investment risk on firm value and optimal capital structure. The manager's optimal investment risk policy is substantially different from the policy that maximizes equity or total firm value. The resulting agency costs of equity are many times larger than the agency costs of debt. Among a number of important implications, we find that managerial risk-aversion decreases the agency costs of equity. We also find that when equityholders have control rights over financing decisions, optimal leverage may increase relative to optimal leverage when investment risk is chosen to maximize total firm value. Additionally, greater managerial equity compensation may exacerbate the manager-stockholder conflict over investment policy, and in spite of higher agency costs of equity, may increase optimal leverage. Finally, we find that an increase in risk encourages the manager to pursue a more conservative investment strategy, which increases the agency costs of equity. Managerial risk-aversion, however, acts to mitigate this effect of risk on the agency costs of equity.

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance
Author: Benjamin Hermalin
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 762
Release: 2017-09-18
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0444635408

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance, Volume One, covers all issues important to economists. It is organized around fundamental principles, whereas multidisciplinary books on corporate governance often concentrate on specific topics. Specific topics include Relevant Theory and Methods, Organizational Economic Models as They Pertain to Governance, Managerial Career Concerns, Assessment & Monitoring, and Signal Jamming, The Institutions and Practice of Governance, The Law and Economics of Governance, Takeovers, Buyouts, and the Market for Control, Executive Compensation, Dominant Shareholders, and more. Providing excellent overviews and summaries of extant research, this book presents advanced students in graduate programs with details and perspectives that other books overlook. - Concentrates on underlying principles that change little, even as the empirical literature moves on - Helps readers see corporate governance systems as interrelated or even intertwined external (country-level) and internal (firm-level) forces - Reviews the methodological tools of the field (theory and empirical), the most relevant models, and the field's substantive findings, all of which help point the way forward

A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility

A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility
Author: Güler Aras
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 716
Release: 2016-03-16
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1317187962

The current economic situation has highlighted deficiencies in corporate governance while also showing the importance of stakeholder relations. It has also raised the profile of the debates regarding corporate social responsibility and shown the inter-relationship with governance. And the two together are essential for sustainable business. The social and environmental contexts of business are generally considered to be as significant as the economic and financial contexts and good governance will address all of these aspects. The combination of these aspects offers long term benefits for a firm, such as reducing risk and attracting new investors, shareholders and more equity as well as sustainable performance. Written by experts from all over the world, A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility is the most authoritative single-volume guide to the relationship between good governance and social responsibility and the reality of managing both. In addition to the theory and practice of governance and CSR, the book includes case studies from large and small organizations and NGOs to highlight examples of good and bad practice, and to show international and cultural similarities and differences while at the same time furthering the debate regarding the relationship between good governance and social responsibility.

Pay Without Performance

Pay Without Performance
Author: Lucian A. Bebchuk
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 308
Release: 2004
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780674020634

The company is under-performing, its share price is trailing, and the CEO gets...a multi-million-dollar raise. This story is familiar, for good reason: as this book clearly demonstrates, structural flaws in corporate governance have produced widespread distortions in executive pay. Pay without Performance presents a disconcerting portrait of managers' influence over their own pay--and of a governance system that must fundamentally change if firms are to be managed in the interest of shareholders. Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried demonstrate that corporate boards have persistently failed to negotiate at arm's length with the executives they are meant to oversee. They give a richly detailed account of how pay practices--from option plans to retirement benefits--have decoupled compensation from performance and have camouflaged both the amount and performance-insensitivity of pay. Executives' unwonted influence over their compensation has hurt shareholders by increasing pay levels and, even more importantly, by leading to practices that dilute and distort managers' incentives. This book identifies basic problems with our current reliance on boards as guardians of shareholder interests. And the solution, the authors argue, is not merely to make these boards more independent of executives as recent reforms attempt to do. Rather, boards should also be made more dependent on shareholders by eliminating the arrangements that entrench directors and insulate them from their shareholders. A powerful critique of executive compensation and corporate governance, Pay without Performance points the way to restoring corporate integrity and improving corporate performance.

Effects of the Agency Cost of Debt and Managerial Risk Aversion on Capital Structure

Effects of the Agency Cost of Debt and Managerial Risk Aversion on Capital Structure
Author: Yilei Zhang
Publisher:
Total Pages: 40
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper investigates the influence of managerial incentives on the capital structure decision using a sample of all-equity firms. Managerial risk-taking incentives may encourage financial risk taking hence greater leverage. On the other hand, increasing a manager's incentive to take risk increases the agency cost of debt and therefore lowers debt capacity. I provide evidence supporting the second effect in all-equity firms where the potential asset substitution is more severe. I show that CEO's pay-for-performance sensitivity (delta) and the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (vega) are higher in all-equity firms than those in matched levered firms. In addition, the incentive compensation in all-equity firms encourages greater risk-taking activities than levered firms, suggesting a negative relation between leverage and risk taking incentives. I also find that the likelihood of having an all-equity capital structure increases in the risk taking incentives from managerial equity-based compensation. This remains after controlling for endogeneity, which may arise if overcoming managerial risk aversion is particularly important for these all-equity firms. Finally, I find that equity-based compensation and incentives decrease upon firms' switching to levered firms from all-equity firms, indicating the change of compensation structure is associated with the change of capital structure.