Liberalization Of Trade In Educational Service And Its Impact On The Right To Education
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| Author | : Li Zhou |
| Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
| Total Pages | : 100 |
| Release | : 2007-08-16 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 3638799921 |
Master's Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,7, University of Hamburg, language: English, abstract: Education is in itself a fundamental human right. As an important determinant of economic growth and human development, education also constitutes an indispensable means of realizing other human rights, particularly rights associated with employment and social security. With the unleashed force of globalization sweeping all aspects of social and economic life, national governments throughout the world increasingly understand the strategic importance of education in enhancing and maintaining international competitiveness, and its crucial role in developing economic and social viability on the long run. On the other hand, the convergent impacts of globalization also bring new impetus for cross-boarder education, and affect the shape and mode of the operation of national education systems more influentially than ever. Over the last two decades trade in cross-border education has been increasing steadily in all forms: not only the numbers of students enrolled in educational institutions outside their home country has been rapidly increasing, but also more and more education providers operate abroad, providing their educational services to foreign students who remain at home. Accelerated development of the new information and communication technologies also facilitate cross-border education and encourage new forms of educational internationalization. According to the statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), export revenue related to international student mobility amounted to an estimated minimum of US$30 billion in 1998, or 3% of global services exports (OECD, 2004a). With the rapid growth of trade in education, a number of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade agreements and regulations have incorporated provisions on trade and investment in educational services, which all together make up the legal and institutional framework shaping and regulating the liberalization of trade in educational services. Among all the relevant agreements and regulations driving the liberalization process, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) under the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime provides the first multilateral framework for international trade and investment in services, including educational services.
| Author | : Barnali Choudhury |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 379 |
| Release | : 2012-11-01 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1139789767 |
Does public service liberalization pose a threat to gender and human rights? Traditionally considered essential services provided by a state to its citizens, public services are often viewed as public goods which embody social values. Subjecting them to market ideology thus raises concerns that the intrinsic social nature of these services will be negated. Moreover, as those most likely to be reliant on public services, public service liberalization may also further marginalize women. Nevertheless, states continue to increasingly liberalize public services. Barnali Choudhury explores the implications of public service liberalization. Using primarily a legal approach, but drawing from case studies, empirical research and gender theories, she examines whether liberalization under the General Agreement on Trade in Services and other liberalization vehicles such as preferential trade and investment agreements compromise human rights and gender objectives.
| Author | : Roberta Malee Bassett |
| Publisher | : Taylor & Francis |
| Total Pages | : 222 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 0415978335 |
By and large, the debate about the merits of including higher education services within free trade policies has occurred outside of the United States, even though the U.S. Office of the Trade Representative has specifically included higher education services in its March 2003 negotiating offer to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This book emerged from research and conversations on the potential implications of free trade on American higher education, implications which have yet to lead to any real conversation or debate within the broad higher education community in the United States. It fills a niche in the literature on trade and higher education services by providing context and analysis of the trade issue in the American higher education context, as well as the pros and cons of free trade in higher education services from the perspectives of the U.S.-based actors.
| Author | : Dave Hill |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 419 |
| Release | : 2012-04-06 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : 1135906513 |
In this groundbreaking critique of neoliberalism in schooling and education, an international cast of education policy analysts, educational activists and scholars deftly analyze the ideologies underlying the global, national and local neoliberalisation of schooling and education. The thrilling scholarship that makes up Global Neoliberalism and Education and its Consequences exposes the machinations, agenda and impacts of the privatising and 'merchandisation' of education by the World Bank, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), biased think tanks, global and national corporations and capital, and the full political spectrum of Neoliberal governments. Including such topics as the increasing polarization of racialized and gendered social classes as a consequence of neoliberal policies, the role and shape of markets and education in the era of globalised Capitalism, the effects of the profit motive in higher education, the impact of the Heritage Foundation in the USA, and even a critical evaluation of education in Cuba--readers are sure to find startling insight and provocative arguments throughout Global Neoliberalism and Education and its Consequences.
| Author | : Jandhyala B. G. Tilak |
| Publisher | : UNESCO |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Education and globalization |
| ISBN | : 9789280313628 |
Trade in Higher Education: The role of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) - Internationalization of higher education has been evolving over the years. Today, trade in education has become an important framework under which cross-border mobility of students, institutions, programs, and teachers takes place. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has systematized and formalized the conditions for trade in services including education. This book provides a detailed analysis of various dimensions of the GATS and its implications for development of higher education, especially in developing countries. The analysis also provides a critical assessment of the benefits derived and potential threats posed by trading in education. It is hoped that the study will provide useful insights on the issue for educational policy-makers, planners, and researchers.
| Author | : Barnali Choudhury |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 379 |
| Release | : 2012-11 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1107026563 |
This books examines whether public service liberalization poses a threat to gender and human rights?
| Author | : Arundhati Sarkar Bose |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The rules and principles of the General Agreement on Trade in Services govern the liberalization of trade in services in Member countries of the World Trade Organisation. Rules of trade liberalisation for the education sector are currently under negotiation. The issue of trade in education instigate speculations and debate over its possible implications. Quality of education and distribution of educational opportunities are hugely debated issues in relation to trade in education. This paper presents the debate with particular reference to trade in education through the mode of supply of Commercial Presence. Under this mode of supply universities directly set up affiliates or branch campuses in foreign countries. The paper also formulates a mathematical model that attempts to envisage the quality of educational services that a profit maximising branch campus is likely to provide. It shows that quality of education in a branch campus is contingent on the quality of education provided by the domestic university in the country hosting the branch campus as well as the its consumers' willingness to pay for education. The paper also affirms the popular argument that access to different qualities of education depends on the distribution of wealth.
| Author | : Kurt Larsen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This paper examines the trends and emerging issues in trade in educational services. It provides rough estimates of the size of the international market in educational services drawing on the limited data available in services trade statistics and data on foreign students in tertiary education in OECD countries. It outlines the current commitments for trade in educational services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It also reviews the implications of the on-going GATS negotiations for further multilateral trade liberalisation in this sector. It points out that OECD countries have been noticeably reluctant to make proposals for further liberalisation of trade in educational services. One reason for this is the concern in many countries about the potential threats posed to cultural values and national traditions by growing trade liberalisation in educational services. Finally, the paper reviews some of the main policy issues arising from trade in educational services.
| Author | : Joanna Mastalerek |
| Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
| Total Pages | : 22 |
| Release | : 2005-02-14 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 363834990X |
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: A, Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Europaeistik), course: The Common Market and International Commerce, language: English, abstract: In 1994, the majority of countries which founded the WTO in 1995, concluded a first general agreement on the liberalization of services (GATS). Within the framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) liberalization in international trade of services is supposed to be negotiated progressively 1 . Among 12 service subsectors, education is explicitly featured in GATS. However, before the inclusion of education in the Service Round negotiations as part of the Doha Round in the year 2000, educational services did not draw much attention. One reason being the strong underestimation of their market shares. The EU, as one of the Contracting Parties of the GATS, has already agreed at the Uruguay Round in 1994, to guarantee free access and non-discrimination for foreign competitors in almost the entire education sector, that consists of primary, secondary, tertiary education as well as adult education. Until 2005 the ongoing Doha Round scheduled further liberalization of educational services and thus the EU is likely to be under the pressure to even further liberalize its education sector. Since large parts of the education sector in the EU belong to public service, liberalization of educational services is a subject of heated debate. Neoliberal economists and politicians view the privatization of public services as the best way to increase both efficiency and the benefit for all members of the society. Anti-globalization activists fear the loss of public control over essential public services and regard the society as exposed to the ruthless greed of gain by multinational companies. Moreover the anti-globalization activists complain about the redefinition of educational services as a profitable product. The international trade of educational services thus remains a highly controversial issue, causing the necessity for careful deliberation of the particular contents, chances and risks of the liberalization of educational services. This essay will take up this kind of deliberation, explaining the relevance of educational services in international trade and the significance of education as a public service.
| Author | : Brandyn L. Payne |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 554 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Commercial policy |
| ISBN | : |
