Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses

Latency Strategies of Herpesviruses
Author: Janos Minarovits
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 309
Release: 2006-12-13
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0387341277

This volume provides an overview of the latency strategies developed during the estimated 200,000 year-long coevolution of Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae and their host species. While the main emphasis is on herpesviruses infecting humans, relevant cases if herpesviruses infecting animals are covered as well. Special emphasis is given to results on molecular mechanisms regulating latent promoters of herpesvirus genomes and signals and molecular pathways resulting in reactivation of latent viral genomes.

Herpesvirus Latency

Herpesvirus Latency
Author: Benedikt B. Kaufer
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 169
Release: 2020-09-14
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 288966001X

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Human Herpesviruses

Human Herpesviruses
Author: Ann Arvin
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 1325
Release: 2007-08-16
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1139461648

This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.

The Conserved Biology of Herpesvirus Latency

The Conserved Biology of Herpesvirus Latency
Author: Aimee N. Reed
Publisher:
Total Pages: 180
Release: 2014
Genre: Cyprinus
ISBN:

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), commonly known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a member of the Alloherpesviridae and is a deadly pathogen for koi and common carp, Cyprinus carpio. It causes severe gill necrosis and nephritis, dermal ulceration and hemorrhage, and mass mortality of up to 100% of affected fish. Fish that survive KHV infection are latently infected lifelong carriers. Latency is a conserved mechanism among known herpesviruses and is under the control, in part, of viral gene and protein expression. Our previous study demonstrated that KHV becomes latent in peripheral white blood cells (WBC) of koi. In this study, KHV latency was further investigated in IgM WBC. The presence of the KHV genome in IgM WBC was about 20-fold more abundant than in IgM-WBC. To determine if KHV expressed genes during latency, transcription from all 8 open reading frames (ORFs) in the terminal repeat was investigated in IgM WBC from koi with latent KHV infection. Only a spliced ORF6 was found to be abundantly expressed in IgM+ WBC from KHV latently infected koi. The spliced ORF6 transcript was also detected in vitro during productive infection as early as 1 day post-infection. The ORF6 transcript from in vitro infection begins -127 bp upstream of the ATG and ends +188 bp downstream of the stop codon, +20 bp downstream of the polyadenylation signal. The hypothetical protein of ORF6 contains a consensus sequence with homology to a conserved domain of EBNA-3B and ICP4 from Epstein Barr virus and herpes simplex virus 1, respectively and both members of the Herpesviridae. This is the first report of latent KHV in B cells and identification of gene transcription during latency for a member of the Alloherpesviridae. To identify and collect an enriched population of KHV+ latently infected cells, a nanoflare probe was generated specific to ORF6 RNA and used to separate live KHV latently infected cells from total peripheral white blood cells. Using the nanoflare ORF6 probe, about 1% of peripheral WBC from latently infected koi were identified and collected by their expression of ORF6. When this enriched population of KHV+ latently infected cells was examined by RNA-seq, the ORF6 transcript was found to be the only viral transcript that consistently mapped to the KHV reference genome. This study demonstrated that a nanoflare RNA probe could be used to enrich latently infected cells, which can subsequently be used to characterize gene expression during KHV latency. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms and control of latency for KHV. In this study, the expression of viral protein from ORF6 mRNA was investigated by a polyclonal antibody specific to a synthetic peptide derived from predicted ORF6 protein (anti-ORF6). Using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), positive staining to the anti-ORF6 was observed in both KHV-infected common carp brain (CCB) cells in vitro and IgM+ B cells from koi latently infected with KHV. No IFA staining was observed in uninfected CCB cells nor from IgM-B cells from KHV+ latently infected koi. The ORF6 protein expressed during productive infection was detected around 140 kDa, which is bigger than the ~80 kDa predicted protein. ORF6 protein at a similar size as the predicted protein was identified from cloned ORF6 protein in an expression vector pet6XHN transformed in E. coli. Based on an analysis using software GPS-SUMO, 5 potential sumoylation sites were identified in the ORF6 protein sequence. This study demonstrated that ORF6 protein is expressed during KHV latency in koi and may be sumoylated in infected cells. These works have unveiled molecular strategies of herpesvirus latency for KHV; the identification of a latency associated transcript as well as viral protein expression during latency, which demonstrate conserved mechanisms as other herpesvirus latency programs. Through these discoveries, it is possible to further investigate the conserved biology of herpesvirus latent infections by using the koi and KHV model for human herpesvirus associated diseases and therapies.

Human Herpesviruses

Human Herpesviruses
Author: Yasushi Kawaguchi
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 498
Release: 2018-06-12
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9811072302

This book introduces and reviews several topics for each human herpesvirus. One of the most important features of the book is that it covers aspects of both basic research and clinical medicine. Herpesviridae, a family of double-strand DNA viruses, has unique biological features by which these viruses establish latency after primary infection and reactivate in later life. Nine human herpesviruses are known so far, and each of them causes a variety of diseases in both primary infection and reactivation. Since the discovery of each human herpesvirus, an abundance of findings related to them has accumulated in basic research and clinical medicine. However, the vast majority of biological features is still masked in mystery. Furthermore, a strategy of treatment and prevention has not yet been established for most human herpesviruses. A wide range of readers will be interested in this volume with its treatment of problematic points and latest findings in the field.

Herpesviruses and Immunity

Herpesviruses and Immunity
Author: Peter G. Medveczky
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 332
Release: 2006-04-11
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0306468085

Although virology and immunology are now considered separate disciplines, history shows that these areas ofinvestigation always overlapped and one cannot really exist without the other. This trend has become particularly significant and fruitful in the past few years in the area of herpesvirus research. The genomes of the most important herpesviruses have been sequenced, a significant portion of their genes have been identified, and many secrets of regulation of gene expr- sion have been unraveled. Now this progress sets the stage for a true revolution in herpesvirus research: analysis of interactions between the host and the virus. Because herpesviruses can induce, suppress, and fool the immune system, the most productive herpesvirologists are also expert immunologists, and the current results ofthis interdisciplinary effort are truly remarkable. Because herpesviruses cause many important human diseases, the devel- ment of vaccines against these agents is a very significant goal. This effort is also very challenging because of the complexity of herpesviruses and the lack of sufficient information about immune responses. The remarkable ability of herpesviruses to escape immune responses is - other feature that brings immunology and virology together. Herpesviruses - code many proteins that interact with and down-regulate some key elements of the immune system. Thisproperty of herpesviruses represents amajor challenge in developing strategies against these viruses. On the positive side, these viral proteins also provide novel tools for analyzing specific immune reactions and molecular mechanisms.

The Epstein-Barr Virus

The Epstein-Barr Virus
Author: M. A. Epstein
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 467
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3642672361

The Epstein-Barr virus was discovered 15 years ago. Since that time an immense body of information has been accumu lated on this agent which has come to assume great signifi cance in many different fields of biological science. Thus, the virus has very special relevance in human medicine and oncology, in tumor virology, in immunology, and in mole cular virology, since it is the cause of infectious mononu cleosis and also the first human cancer virus, etiologically related to endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and probably to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In addition, continuous human lymphoid cell lines initiated and maintained by the transform ing function of the virus genome provide a laboratory tool with wide and ever-growing applications. Innumerable papers on the Epstein-Barr virus have ap peared over recent years and reports of work with this agent now constitute a veritable flood. The present book provides the first and only comprehensive, authoritative over-view of all aspects of the virus by authors who have been the original and major contributors in their particular disciplines. A complete and up-to-date survey of this unique and important agent is thus provided which should be of great interest to experts, teachers, and students engaged in cancer research, virology, immunology, molecular biology, epide miology, and cell culture. Where topics have been dealt with from more than one of these viewpoints, some inevitable overlap and duplication has resulted; although this has been kept to a minimum, it has been retained in some places because of positive usefulness.

Mosaic of Autoimmunity

Mosaic of Autoimmunity
Author: Carlo Perricone
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 728
Release: 2019-02-15
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 012814307X

The Mosaic of Autoimmunity: The Novel Factors of Autoimmune Diseases describes the multifactorial origin and diversity of expression of autoimmune diseases in humans. The term implies that different combinations of factors in autoimmunity produce varying and unique clinical pictures in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Most of the factors involved in autoimmunity can be categorized into four groups: genetic, immune defects, hormonal and environmental factors. In this book, the environmental factors are reviewed, including infectious agents, vaccines as triggers of autoimmunity, smoking and its relationship with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases. An entirely new syndrome, the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), is also included, along with other diseases that are now recognized as having an autoimmune etiopathogenesis. Highlights the concept of the mosaic of autoimmune manifestations Includes new visions on unsuspected molecules Provides updated knowledge to physicians helping patients with autoimmune diseases Presents thorough, up-to-date information on specific diseases, along with clinical applications

Immunity and Immunopathogenesis to Herpesviruses

Immunity and Immunopathogenesis to Herpesviruses
Author: Susmit Suvas
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 130
Release: 2020-01-20
Genre:
ISBN: 2889634558

Herpesviruses are a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses, which have evolved strategies to persist and disseminate widely throughout the human population. Unlike RNA viruses which have the ability to alter their antigenic expression profile to evade host immune responses, herpesviruses can establish life-long latency in the infected host. Herpesviruses are divided into alpha, beta and gamma herpesviruses sub-families. The human members of the alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily is comprised of herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). These viruses are considered neurotropic, as they can (i) infect nerve endings; (ii) traffic via neuronal axons and (iii) establish latency in neuronal nuclei. On the other hand, the members of the beta-herpesvirinae subfamily such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7) are known to establish latent infections in immune cell types such as monocytes and T cells. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a member of gamma-herpesvirinae subfamily that establishes latency in B lymphocytes. Additionally, HHV-8 also known as Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpes virus (KSHV) is a γ-herpes virus which establishes latency in monocytes, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes and endothelial cells of the host.