In this engaging and thought-provoking work, Paul Carus examines the philosophical systems of two of the most important thinkers of the 19th century: Immanuel Kant and Herbert Spencer. Carus argues that these two philosophers represent fundamentally different approaches to understanding the world and that their ideas continue to shape modern debates in fields such as ethics, politics, and metaphysics. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of philosophy or contemporary debates in the humanities and social sciences. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.