In this book, we have selected the 19 research and review articles for publication. The chapters in this book reflect a wide range of fundamental and applied research in the chemical sciences, environmental science and interdisciplinary subjects. This book is a unique collection of full research papers as well as reviews. In the 1st chapter, describes advances of aviation fuel derived from renewable sources is a “DROP-IN” alternative for air transport as it has a similar high energy density and meets all the required fuel specifications. Major challenges faced by the industry with respect to the development of alternative aviation fuel are - high quality standards requirements, safety issues, wide range of operational conditions and drop-in kind with traditional aviation jet fuel. In the 2nd chapter, To describes significant optical features of luminescent materials have drawn immense appreciation in all walks of life including organic dyes, metal-organic frameworks, lanthanide compounds, semiconductor-based quantum dots, and carbon-based nanodots, which attribute numerous applications to these Luminescent materials. Moreover, they have been proven important in various applications, including gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, light-harvesting, chemical sensing, bio-imaging, and drug delivery. In the 3rd chapter, describes introduction of mixed ligand dithiolate complexes of cobalt, synthesis of mixed ligand complexes of cobalt (II) with dithiolate (1-methoxy carbonyl –1- cyano ethylene -2,2- dithiolate) and nitrogen donors. In the 4th chapter, Mixed ligand complexes of the type [Ni(L)n(dithio)] n=1 or 2 L= OPD, and various substituted pyridines, dithio=(NaS)2C=C(CN) COOMe.H2O have been synthesized and characterized. In the 5th chapter, discussed about conducting polymers (CPs) are chemical compounds or mixtures of compounds composed of structural units formed during the polymerization process. The prospective uses of CPs, particularly in the realm of electronic manufacturing, have piqued the curiosity of researchers. In the 6th chapter, BiOCl nanomaterial have been acknowledged as potential and promising environmental remediation material because of their low costs, low toxicities, and enormous stabilities as well as resourceful photocatalytic activities of various hazardous environmental pollutants including dyes, pesticides and several other organic pollutants etc. In the 7th chapter, discuss about polyaniline (PANI) which is reviewed as environmental remediation. In the 8th chapter, describe a the low cost activated carbon based adsorbent derived from the fruit of Kigelia Africana (KA), was characterized for effective removal of Pb (II) from its aqueous solution and determine the rate of adsorption. In the 9th chapter, discuss about Ionic liquid which has emerged as intriguing modern material in science and technology. To better comprehend and investigate the unusual and fascinating characteristics of ionic liquids. In the 10th chapter, to prepare the nanocomposites of Titania by solution impregnation method and used as photocatalyst for the degradation of acetic acid at various factors. In the 11th chapter, discuss about health and socioeconomic conditions which are inextricably linked. A substantial beneficial influence on economic success is ensured by the general population's well health. Cardiovascular complexity is the single most serious health problem in India. Hypertension is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In the 12th chapter, discuss about waste management. There is need for framing policies for effective management of waste and above all implementation of them by the authority and adherence to them by the general public. In the 13th chapter highlights the potential of Hierarchical Nanostructured 3D Flowerlike BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) microsphere as a remarkable technology towards the environmental remediation processes of various hazardous and persistent environmental pollutants. In the 14th chapter, to prepared the nanoparticles of zirconium oxide and characterized them by the some characterization techniques. In the 15th chapter, discuss about waste management which involves the procedures and actions necessary to manage waste from generation to disposal. This covers waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal, as well as waste management process monitoring and control, as well as waste-related legislation, technology, and economic processes. In the 16th chapter, discuss about the role of probiotic milk in human health. The numerous perceived health benefits and the growing awareness about probiotics have caught the attention of the food industry. Food companies are increasingly manufacturing foods with incorporated probiotic bacteria, which fall under the new category of foods called Functional Foods. In the 17th chapter, discuss the recent trend and modification in TiO2 nanostructured based super hydrophobic surfaces of different type of materials. Further the application potential of the artificial super hydrophobic surfaces such as self-cleaning; water/oil separation and anti-fogging etc. In the 18th chapter, reviews the iron polyphenols interaction which cause to the colour formation during the sugar processing. The chemical structure of various phenolic acid which presents in sugar cane juice are interact with the Fe(III) through chemical reaction or by changing conditions which results in the various colourant formation during sugar formation are described. In the 19th chapter, discuss about carbon footprint which is used to calculate the individual carbon emission which includes to the atmosphere every day. in the recent years causes lots of carbon emission and in turn increase the global warming, which is harmful to the present, and future of the earth and its living beings.