Influence Of Cover Crops On Vine Performance At Two Willamette Valley Vineyards
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| Author | : Rebecca Marie Sweet |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 174 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Cover crops |
| ISBN | : |
It is estimated that 50-75% of Oregon vineyards cultivate at least every other alley in order to 1) reduce water stress 2) increase vineyard canopy temperatures and 3) increase nutrient availability. Because many vineyards are situated on steep hillsides, frequent tillage could result in increased soil erosion, decreased soil quality and potential pollution of watersheds. Seven cover crop treatments were established at two commercial vineyards in the northern Willamette Valley in the fall of 2003 and monitored for establishment and their impact on grapevines in 2004 and 2005. Treatments were as follows: 1) winter annuals (oats, rye and vetch), 2) clover mix (subclovers, clovers and medic), 3) native grass mix (Willamette Valley upland prairie species), 4) native meadow mix (forbs plus grasses), 5) perennial grass mix (sheep fescue, dwarf perennial rye and hard fescue), 6) resident vegetation, and 7) a clean cultivated control. Each treatment was replicated four times at each of the vineyards in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied to four adjacent alleys flanking 8 or 10 vines in three vine rows with one clean cultivated boarder dividing blocks. Cover crop establishment was measured by destructively removing biomass during the growing season. Weeds were sorted from cover crops, and both were dried, weighed and measured for nitrogen (N) content. Over the course of the growing season, soil water was measured in the vine row and alleys with time domain reflectometry, and midday vine leaf water potential was measured with a pressure bomb. Shoot lengths were measured twice during the season. Vine leaf blades were collected at bloom and veraison for nutrient analysis (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, B, Zn and Fe). Root samples were taken at bloom and post harvest in the vine row and alley in three treatments (winter annuals, perennial grass mix and clean cultivated) and analyzed for colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). At harvest, fruit yield was measured and fruit quality assessed by measuring soluble solids (BRIX), titratable acidity, pH and N content. Shoot prunings were collected and measured after vine dormancy. We expected to see 1) a higher amount of water in the soil, less vine water stress and more vigorous vine growth in the clean cultivated treatment compared to the others and 2) either an increase in vigor or concentration of N in vine tissues in response to the clover mix treatment. Biomass production and coverage of the soil by cover crops, as well as responses to treatments in the soil and vine often varied between sites. In general, cover crop treatments, including the clean cultivated control, had little effect on soil water content, vine water status, or vine vegetative growth. There was, however, a clear N affect from the clover mix treatment on vines, even without mechanical incorporation of cover crop residues. Vine leaf N and juice YANC both increased, and yield per vine and cluster weights both decreased in the clover mix treatment. However, the yield reductions were more pronounced in year two and only at one site. The increase in juice N was possibly an indirect effect of the lower yield, concentrating N in the remaining fruit. Results from this two year study indicate no apparent advantage to keeping the alleyways of established vineyards weed free with cultivation.
| Author | : Morgan A. Curtis |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 106 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : Cover crops |
| ISBN | : |
The use of cover crops in young vineyards is not widely accepted in the Pacific Northwest due to concerns of water and nutrient competition between the cover crop and vines. The last 2 years of a 4-year study started in 2009 are reported here. The study evaluated the use of biomass management of a winter annual cover to enhance growth and conserve soil moisture. A winter annual cover crop of cereal rye (Secale cereale) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) was planted each fall in a pre-production Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' vineyard. Cover-cropped treatments were compared to an unplanted treatment which was never planted to cover crop and kept free of vegetation by tillage and/or herbicides for the duration of the study. In spring, cover crop biomass was mowed and residues were placed in the alleys, removed from the alleys, or applied as a mulch to the vine row at two densities (one equal to the alley biomass, and one with triple the alley biomass). All treatments were tilled and kept free of vegetation during the summer. Insufficient residue was produced in 2012 and data collected in that year was used to determine residual effects from three prior years of treatments. Higher levels of soil moisture were maintained in mulched treatments through the summer of 2011. Soil mechanical resistance was decreased under the high level of mulch. Root density was increased in mulched vine rows, likely as a result of both increased soil moisture and reduced soil mechanical resistance. In 2011, shoot growth was increased by 17% in mulch treatments, and fruitfulness was higher in 2011 and 2012. Tissue nitrogen and leaf chlorophyll were increased in mulched treatments at bloom, and potassium and boron were higher with the high level of mulch in 2011. Clusters were larger in the high level of mulch treatment with more berries per cluster, but berry weight and fruit yield were not different. Cover crop and mulch did not alter soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, or yeast assimilable nitrogen. By using a winter annual cover crop, consisting of a mix of grasses and legumes, and applying the biomass to the vines in the spring, cover crops can be a viable management option for establishing vineyards in the Pacific Northwest.
| Author | : Levi Fredrikson |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 118 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Cover crops |
| ISBN | : |
Five vineyard floor management treatments were evaluated in a young vineyard in western Oregon to better understand the effects on vine growth and nutrition, soil moisture dynamics, and weed control during 2009 and 2010. Treatments included two mulched treatments where mowed alleyway residue was transferred in-row at rates of 1x and 3x of alleyway biomass, one treatment where residue was incorporated into alleyways, one treatment where residue was removed, and one unplanted treatment. Vine growth, root growth, and nutritional status of young vines were measured over two growing seasons, as was soil moisture from 0-76cm depth. Weed coverage was assessed visually and densities of broadleaf and grass weeds were determined. In-row volumetric and gravimetric soil moisture measured across 0-30 cm were greater in mulched than non-mulched treatments each year while the 3x level of mulch treatment had greater soil moisture than the 1x level of mulch treatment in 2010. Soil compaction in-row was lowest in mulched treatments each year. One-year old grapevines destructively harvested in fall each year had greater leaf and wood biomass in mulched treatments than non-mulched treatments. Shoot lengths were greater in mulched treatments than non-mulched treatments in 2010. Vines in mulched treatments had greater pruning weights by 43% in 2010 than the treatment in which residue was removed. Clusters per shoot were greater in vines under the 3x level of mulch in 2010. SPAD measures of leaf chlorophyll concentration were higher in mulched treatments than non-mulched treatments. Weed coverage and densities were substantially lower in-row of mulched treatments during 2009 and 2010, with nearly 100% weed suppression by the greater level of residue mulch. Alleyway weed coverage was lowest when residue was incorporated, and highest in the unplanted treatment at some sampling dates. These results indicate that cover crops can be managed effectively to increase shoot and leaf growth of one- to three-year old V. vinifera 'Chardonnay' vines and conserve soil moisture in a non-irrigated, cool climate vineyard. Further, this study indicates that mulching of mowed cover crop residue in-row can reduce weed growth, and incorporation of cover crop residues in alleyways can suppress alleyway weeds.
| Author | : Glenn T. McGourty |
| Publisher | : UCANR Publications |
| Total Pages | : 202 |
| Release | : 2011-01-01 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1601075634 |
This full-color guide provides information on practices and considerations for organic and conventional growers alike. Includes information on organic soil management, the roles of compost and cover crops, and a calendar of recommended practices for year-round soil fertility management. Illustrated with 18 tables and 89 figures and photos, including close-up color photographs of important natural enemies and disease symptoms.
| Author | : William Donald Wilson |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 182 |
| Release | : 1985 |
| Genre | : Companion planting |
| ISBN | : |
A perennial grass grown in strips between the rows of grapevines, with a bare soil herbicide strip under the rows of vines, is a common form of vineyard soil management. Irrigation, though not practiced for grape culture in western Oregon at this time, could be used to supplement the soil reservoir on shallow soils, or during years of drought, to improve productivity. These two management systems were used in an experiment implemented in 1984 to study their effects on vineyard soil water utilization, and on grapevine productivity. Perennial ryegrass strip soil management versus overall herbicide soil management, and irrigation (to replace the equivalent depth of water lost, every other day) versus no-irrigation were the factors in a split plot design experiment in a commercial 'Pinot noir' vineyard. Grass strip soil management did not have significant effects on vine growth, fruit quality or yield, compared to overall herbicide management - whether irrigation, was applied or not. Irrigation was responsible for a significant increase in shoot growth rate, resulting in a 29% increase in shoot growth and an 8% increase in pruning weight. There was a decrease in the amount of juice soluble solids associated with the irrigation/overall herbicide treatment (17.5 °Brix) compared to the mean of the other treatments (18.3 °Brix). Irrigation effects on other fruit quality parameters were negligible, although the general tendency was for reduced quality (higher acidity, reduced anthocyanins, and lower phenolics). Yield was increased by 24% due to irrigation, which was due to an increase in berry size. Two adjacent non-irrigated plots, of three vines each, were used to evaluate the effect of grass strip soil management and overall herbicide management on soil water. The maximum difference in water content between the two treatments occurred by July 31, which was 70 mm of water (equivalent depth) in the 105 cm deep profile. Most of this difference (48 mm equivalent depth) existed on July 9, ten days after the end of precipitation, indicating that maximal water use by the grass occurred when water was plentiful in the soil. The maximum measured difference between the in-row and inter-row areas of the grass strip plot was 15 mm of water (equivalent depth) on July 17. Significant differences in soil water depletion rate at all depths, and volume water content, between the grass strip and overall herbicide plots occurred when the grass was active. Significant greater depletion rates were measured in the inter-row area of the overall herbicide plot compared to the grass strip plot when the grass strip plot dried down to low soil water potentials, and the vines probably used a substantial amount of water from below 105 cm depth. Greater depletion rates of the inter-row versus in-row area of the overall herbicide plot could be due to differential soil heating of the inter-row area of the overall herbicide plot, or to renewed grape root development in the inter-row area. The former hypothesis can be explained by diffusive water flow upwards in the inter-row soil, to be driven off in the evaporative stream.
| Author | : Amanda J. Vance |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 141 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : Companion planting |
| ISBN | : |
Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of these practices on Pinot Noir in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Managing crop levels is common in cool climate vineyard production though it is a costly practice. With economic pressures, the premium winegrape industry is questioning whether they can reduce production costs and increase yields without compromising quality. A crop thinning trial was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to address these concerns and to better understand the role of vine balance on fruit composition. Crop levels were moderately (35% crop removed) or severely (65% crop removed) thinned at pre-bloom, fruit set, lag phase, or véraison and compared to full crop treatments. In both years, crop thinning reduced yields but had no effect on berry weight or cluster size. In 2010, poor fruit set reduced overall yields, and thinning treatments resulted in very few differences in vine growth, cluster architecture or fruit composition, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), anthocyanins, phenolics and tannins. In 2011, yields were much higher due to high fruit set and larger cluster size. No differences were found in vine growth (leaf areas or pruning weights) or fruit YAN, but thinned vines had higher TSS and pH and lower TA than full crop vines at harvest. Fruit thinned at lag phase and véraison had higher TSS and lower TA than fruit thinned pre-bloom. Intensity of thinning had a stronger influence on anthocyanin and tannin concentration than timing, while phenolics were not impacted by either factor. Ravaz index values (fruit yield/pruning weight) below 2.25 and leaf area to yield ratios of 2.25 to 3.25 m2/kg improved fruit composition in 2011 as did later season thinning, though data from the remaining years of this study will provide more insight into appropriate crop load metrics for cool climate Pinot Noir. A second study was implemented in 2011 to determine the impact of crop thinning in vines with different levels of vegetative vigor caused by three vineyard floor management techniques: permanent grass (Festuca rubra spp. rubra) cover (grass), alternating grass cover and tillage (grass & tilled), and tillage of every alleyway (tilled). Crop was thinned at the BB stage of berry development (EL stage 73) to one cluster per shoot (half crop) or not thinned (full crop); all cluster wings were removed at the time of thinning. Tillage treatments had been in place four years prior to the start of the study and competition for nitrogen in grass caused reduced early season vine growth, leaf chlorophyll and canopy size at both bloom and véraison while crop thinning increased canopy size at véraison. Yields were altered by tillage and crop thinning treatments, as grass had fewer clusters per shoot and berries per cluster, and crop thinning reduced yields to 64.7% of full crop across all tillage treatments. At harvest, grass had the lowest TA while TSS and pH were not affected by tillage. Crop thinning increased TSS but did not impact pH or TA. Anthocyanins were affected by both tillage and thinning and were found to be related to vine yield, YAN, leaf N, and leaf area index. Tannins were highest in grass but were not affected by crop thinning, and phenolics were not changed by either factor. Few interactions between tillage and crop thinning were found, but as variables such as yield per vine were impacted by both treatment factors, monitoring long term effects of crop.
| Author | : Lily Cao |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2023 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Cover crops increase plant diversity in agroecosystems throughout the year and promote positive ecosystem functioning and crop productivity. While cover crops have been used in combination with various cash crops, there is limited understanding on how cover crops affect perennial crops, such as grapevines. A key difference between annual and perennial systems is that cover crops are typically co-grown with perennials throughout the year, leading to long-term direct root interactions and potential competition between the cover crop and perennial crop. Although aboveground between plant interactions have been studied extensively, belowground interactions are less understood. Belowground interactions are complex and potentially more influential on plant physiology due the impacts from soil microorganisms, root exudates, nutrient dynamics, and neighboring plant roots. The work presented in this thesis will examine how the resulting interspecies root interactions caused by under-vine grass cover crop inclusion in vineyards impact the soil microbiome and root physiology of grapevines under different soil nutrient conditions. This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion on under-vine cover crop applications in woody perennial systems, specifically in vineyards, and why there is growing interest in this alternative cover crop application method in regions with high rates of precipitation and soil nutrient resources. Key concepts involving belowground interspecies root interactions and nutrient competition from a soil microbiome and root centric perspective are introduced. Chapters 2 and 3 document studies performed during the Summers of 2021 and 2022 at a Pennsylvania vineyard. We explored under-vine grass cover crop (Festuca rubra) and Noiret (interspecific Vitis sp. hybrid) grapevine interspecies root interactions under different nutrient conditions, and their impacts on the soil and grapevine rhizosphere microbiome, as well as grapevine root morphological and physiological traits. In Chapter 2, we present findings on how interspecies root interactions from cover crop inclusion and the addition of organic nitrogen fertilizer impacted the bulk soil and grapevine rhizosphere microbial composition. Nitrogen amendment had a significant impact on the bacterial and fungal composition in the bulk soil and rhizosphere. Interspecies root interactions from cover crop inclusion also exhibited the potential to shift bulk soil bacterial and fungal composition, but in the rhizosphere, only bacterial composition shifted under more nutrient-limited soils. In Chapter 3, we expand on the Chapter 2 findings from a functional perspective to study changes in soil microbial functioning and the morphological and physiological traits of grapevine roots due to interspecies root interactions and nitrogen amendment. As with Chapter 2, rhizosphere microbial functioning and grapevine morphological and physiological traits shifted due to interspecies root interactions, with root traits impacted more in soils without nitrogen amendment. In summary, we demonstrated that interspecies root interactions from the inclusion of grass under-vine cover crops can influence both the belowground microbiome and grapevine root physiology through changes in soil microbial composition, soil microbial functioning, grapevine root morphological traits, and grapevine root metabolome. Additionally, the impacts of interspecies root interactions were more prominent in soils without the addition of a nitrogen amendment; this indicated that soils with more nitrogen availability made influences from interspecies root interactions minimal or caused them to have no effect on the soil microbiome and grapevine root traits. Overall, this work showcased the importance of belowground interactions and competition caused by increased plant diversity on soil health and plant productivity.
| Author | : Jean A. Doty |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 270 |
| Release | : 1988 |
| Genre | : Grapes |
| ISBN | : |
The use of grass cover crops is a recommended practice in nonirrigated vineyards in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Two studies were initiated to investigate the competitive and noncompetitive effects of grass cover crops on the growth and development of Pinot noir grapevines. Two greenhouse pot culture experiments were performed to investigate the allelopathic potential of cool season grasses. In the first experiment grass and uncallused grapevine cuttings were established simultaneously in 4 liter pots filled with sand with no fallow strip. Water and nutrients were supplied at luxury levels so as to be nonlimiting. Differences in rooting and growth of the grapevines was a function of the growth habit of the grass. Allelopathy was not apparent. In the second greenhouse experiment perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv.'Elka') was established in 15 liter sand:peat filled pots before uncallused grapevines were planted directly in the grass. Water and nutrients were supplied at luxury levels. Root initiation was inhibited under the ryegrass, with only 24% of the cuttings initiating rooting. Allelopathy may have been involved. A 2 year field study was also initiated to investigate the consumptive water use of 4 cool season grasses (L. perenne, A. tenuis, F. arundinacea. and D. glomerata) used as cover crops in Oregon vineyards under low maintenance conditions. Seasonal evapotranspiration and total depletion of soil water did not differ significantly among species, and was significantly greater than bareground in the early summer months. In late summer months evapotranspiration of the grasses was not significantly different than evaporation from bareground. Establishment of unrooted grapevine cuttings placed directly into established perennial ryegrass turf is unlikely to be successful. Once vineyards are well established, grass cover crops can provide benefits to the vineyard without strong competition for soil water during the summer months.
| Author | : Chuck A. Ingels |
| Publisher | : University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources |
| Total Pages | : 172 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9781879906358 |
This guide features cutting-edge methods for using cover crops to enhance vineyard performance. Based on extensive research, this guide details technical and theoretical information on how cover crops affect vineyards and promote ecological stability. With how-to instructions for activities such as field application, this practical reference is a must-have for vineyard owners, managers, consultants, and pest control advisers.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : ScholarlyEditions |
| Total Pages | : 83 |
| Release | : 2012-01-09 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1464938121 |
Agricultural Crops: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Agricultural Crops in a concise format. The editors have built Agricultural Crops: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Agricultural Crops in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Agricultural Crops: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
