The evolution of trade and business can be traced back to the earliest civilizations where fulfilling basic human needs like food, clothing, healthcare, and education required engaging in various forms of commerce. Over time, business practices have undergone significant transformations, leading to the modern form of business we witness today. To provide students in Management & Commerce programs with an understanding of this evolution, a textbook on the subject of Evolution of Business has been developed. The textbook covers a comprehensive syllabus, starting from the fundamentals and progressing to more complex topics. The concepts are explained using relevant examples and diagrams to enhance reader engagement. It is important to note that the material is designed to cater to exam-oriented study requirements. Students are encouraged to attend regular classroom sessions and utilize reference books available in the library for a more in-depth understanding of the subject matter. The development of the textbook would not have been possible without the valuable contributions from various sources. Special acknowledgement is given to the websites of IGNOU (www.egyankosh.ac.in), Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com), and the numerous authors whose writings served as the foundation for this book. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. However, the authors recognize that there is always room for improvement. They welcome suggestions from readers to make the study material more interesting and meaningful. Readers are encouraged to email their queries and doubts to the authors at [email protected], and the authors are committed to providing immediate assistance. In conclusion, the textbook on the Evolution of Business aims to provide students with an overview of how trade and business practices have evolved throughout history. By studying this subject, students can gain insights into the development of modern business and its significance in meeting human needs. Authors: