Also covered are the following: the use of crime analysis in support of routine patrol operations and the conducting of preplanned and directed prevention, deterrence, and apprehension activities. The volume concludes with the presentation of selected case studies of departments which have implemented many of the approaches outlined, and with a discussion of the major issues faced in planning, implementing, and evaluating changes in the patrol function. The second part of a two-volume prescriptive package, is directed toward assisting police departments in improving the productivity of their patrol operations, the most costly aspect of policing. Recommendations in this second report are based on a state of the art review of patrol operations in many police departments throughout the country and an assessment of recent research and commentary on patrol. Presented is a discussion of the appropriate use and effective operation of specialized patrol.