How did the Pope become Pontifex Maximus?

How did the Pope become Pontifex Maximus?
Author: Leon Freytag von Loringhoven
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Total Pages: 18
Release: 2016-05-11
Genre: History
ISBN: 366821526X

Essay from the year 2016 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: In this essay, I will give an account on how the Roman pope became the religious leader of the Western Empire, by historical forces and intelligent use of institutions, language and imagery. Through historical forces, especially invasions into the Western Empire, as well as clever use of language, law and imagery the Roman pope had largely gained religious leadership of Western Roman Empire by the sixth century. It is uncertain which pope first acclaimed the title pontifex maximus and it is difficult to say by what time exactly the papacy had supreme religious authority. But the events between the fourth and sixth century are largely responsible for the status of the Roman pope, which ever since has enabled him to justifiably be called pontifex maximus. When the Republic became the Roman Empire, it marked a change for the office of the Pontifex maximus. From 12 BC onwards, when Emperor Augustus took over the position, it was an imperial office. Now the state had religious authority and preeminent capacity to introduce religious reform. For at least the next 300 years Roman emperors would use their designation as Pontifex maximus to justify their position as the head of Roman religion. The role of the Pontifex Maximus was now to act as an intermediary between the Empire and the gods, including a variety of functions: He was responsible for the fabric of religious cults, organized rituals and temples, and had the power to issue edicts. Since the Roman Republic, though, the main function of the office had always been to guard the ius divinum (sacred law) so that the peace of the gods (pax deorum) would keep the Empire prosperous and undefeated. The papacy therefore could only claim the title pontifex maximus once it would have authority over the sacred law, which was a long way to go.

Pontifex Maximus

Pontifex Maximus
Author: Christopher Lascelles
Publisher: Crux Publishing Ltd
Total Pages: 525
Release: 2017-04-28
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 1909979465

"A brilliant book on a number of different levels. Lascelles has an engaging prose style and an amazing eye for detail and apposite anecdote. Surely only purblind Catholic zelanti will object to this outstanding analysis.” – Frank McLynn, author of Genghis Khan, Napoleon and 1066 “Lascelles has achieved the seemingly impossible: a concise and highly readable history of Catholic Popes that manages to be extremely entertaining and informative at the same time.” – Gerald Posner, author of God’s Bankers “Lascelles has taken an overwhelming subject, and not been overwhelmed by it in any way. A highly enjoyable read. ” – Paul Strathern, author of The Medici For many people, the popes are an irrelevance: if they consider them at all, it may be as harmless old men who preach obscure sermons in Latin. But the history of the popes is far from bland. On the contrary, it is occasionally so bizarre as to stretch credulity. Popes have led papal armies, fled in disguise, fathered children (including future popes), and authorised torture. They have been captured, assaulted and murdered. While many have been admired, others have been hated to such a degree that their funeral processions have been disrupted and statues of them torn down after their deaths. Many have been the enemies of freedom and progress – divisive rather than unifying figures. In a fascinating and engaging read, best-selling author Christopher Lascelles examines the history of the popes through the ages, laying bare the extent to which many of them fell so very short of the Christian ideals they supposedly represented. He explains how it was that, professing to follow a man who said ‘My kingdom is not of this world’ and 'Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth’, they nevertheless became the heads of a rich state that owned more land in Europe than any king, relying on foreign military aid to keep power; and how pride, greed and corruption became commonplace in an institution founded on love, faith and forgiveness. This book is aimed at the general reader who is short on time and seeks an accessible overview unencumbered by ecclesiastical jargon and scholarly controversies.

First American Pope

First American Pope
Author: Angelo Pagnotti
Publisher: Publish America
Total Pages: 285
Release: 2004-09
Genre: Conspiracy
ISBN: 1413727883

The deadlocked Papal conclave turns to a compromise candidate, Anthony Cardinal Pavelli. Ordained at fifty years of age, and in declining health, the seventy-two year old American, is an unlikely choice. Reluctantly accepting the scepter as Godas will, the Pontiff is eager to reinvigorate the Church by initiating sweeping reforms. A group of ruthless cardinals, each with his own agenda, band together to stop the reforms by discrediting the Pope. Shadowy Vatican forces spread rumors and half-truths about the Popeas former secular life. His Papacy is teetering, on the verge of implosion. The Pope takes his fight to the media and leads a peace mission to Ireland in an effort to bolster his image as a world leader. When the Pope canat be derailed by twisted Machiavellian tactics his enemies resort to extreme measures.

The Innocence of Pontius Pilate

The Innocence of Pontius Pilate
Author: David Lloyd Dusenbury
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 261
Release: 2021-12-01
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 0197644120

The gospels and ancient historians agree: Jesus was sentenced to death by Pontius Pilate, the Roman imperial prefect in Jerusalem. To this day, Christians of all churches confess that Jesus died 'under Pontius Pilate'. But what exactly does that mean? Within decades of Jesus' death, Christians began suggesting that it was the Judaean authorities who had crucified Jesus--a notion later echoed in the Qur'an. In the third century, one philosopher raised the notion that, although Pilate had condemned Jesus, he'd done so justly; this idea survives in one of the main strands of modern New Testament criticism. So what is the truth of the matter? And what is the history of that truth? David Lloyd Dusenbury reveals Pilate's 'innocence' as not only a neglected theological question, but a recurring theme in the history of European political thought. He argues that Jesus' interrogation by Pilate, and Augustine of Hippo's North African sermon on that trial, led to the concept of secularity and the logic of tolerance emerging in early modern Europe. Without the Roman trial of Jesus, and the arguments over Pilate's innocence, the history of empire--from the first century to the twenty-first--would have been radically different.

How to Be Pope

How to Be Pope
Author: Piers Marchant
Publisher: Chronicle Books
Total Pages: 136
Release: 2005-10-13
Genre: Humor
ISBN: 9780811852210

Congratulations, Your Holiness, and welcome to your first day at the Holy See. After being elected by the College of Cardinals, you'll need to don the papal vestments and get right to work. Armed with this manual, compiled over the last 2,000 years, you'll be able to navigate the Why's, How's, and Who's of your new life as Pontifex Maximus. What is your official job title? Why do you need to choose a papal name? Who does your laundry? While the church has long maintained an aura of complete secrecy to outsiders, the facts, figures, and historical anecdotes found here give the crucial information you'll need to fulfill your papal duties. Detailed diagrams reveal significant locations within the Vaticanwhere to buy gas, where to mail a letter, St. Martha's Housewhile helpful illustrations demonstrate how to perform the papal wave, the uniform of the Swiss Guards, and how to tell the difference between a mitre and a stole. All this plus a Latin primer, tips on greeting world leaders, and a list of job benefits makes for an indispensable guide to performing the role of Successor to the Prince of the Apostles.

Economic Origins of Roman Christianity

Economic Origins of Roman Christianity
Author: Robert Burton Ekelund
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Total Pages: 284
Release: 2011-08-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0226200027

Using basic concepts of economic theory, the authors explain the origin and subsequent spread of Roman Christianity, showing first how the standard concepts of risk, cost and benefit can account for the demand for religion.

The Rule of Benedict

The Rule of Benedict
Author: David Gibson
Publisher: Harper Collins
Total Pages: 420
Release: 2009-10-13
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 006175336X

There was no neutral response to the announcement that the "enforcer"—Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger—had been elected Benedict XVI, the next pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Conservatives saw it as the final triumph of their agenda. Liberals were aghast. Everyone else wondered what to expect. Award-winning religion journalist David Gibson explores the "war of ideas" that will be a defining feature of this new papacy. Gibson persuasively argues that by tackling the modern world head-on Benedict XVI is gambling that he can make traditional, orthodox Catholicism the savior of contemporary society. But if the elderly Benedict fails in his battle with modernity, will Catholicism wind up as a "smaller-but-purer church"—the new kind of fortress Catholicism that some conservatives want? Such fears haunt millions of American Catholics pressing for change. Gibson points to the early warning signs of a papacy hyperfocused on "right belief" and shows how the key decisions of this surprising papacy will profoundly impact the future of Catholicism.

Papal Primacy

Papal Primacy
Author: Klaus Schatz
Publisher: Liturgical Press
Total Pages: 212
Release: 1996
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 9780814655221

Papal primacy has grown with the Church, and it remains a reality embedded in the Church as a living community begins to change.