High Temperature Oxidation Resistant Coatings
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Author | : Sudhangshu Bose |
Publisher | : Butterworth-Heinemann |
Total Pages | : 418 |
Release | : 2017-11-27 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0128047437 |
High Temperature Coatings, Second Edition, demonstrates how to counteract the thermal effects of rapid corrosion and degradation of exposed materials and equipment that can occur under high operating temperatures. This is the first true practical guide on the use of thermally protective coatings for high-temperature applications, including the latest developments in materials used for protective coatings. It covers the make-up and behavior of such materials under thermal stress and the methods used for applying them to specific types of substrates, as well as invaluable advice on inspection and repair of existing thermal coatings. With his long experience in the aerospace gas turbine industry, the author has compiled the very latest in coating materials and coating technologies, as well as hard-to-find guidance on maintaining and repairing thermal coatings, including appropriate inspection protocols. The book is supplemented with the latest reference information and additional support to help readers find more application- and industry-type coatings specifications and uses. - Offers an overview of the underlying fundamental concepts of thermally-protective coatings, including thermodynamics, energy kinetics, crystallography and equilibrium phases - Covers essential chemistry and physics of underlying substrates, including steels, nickel-iron alloys, nickel-cobalt alloys and titanium alloys - Provides detailed guidance on a wide variety of coating types, including those used against high temperature corrosion and oxidative degradation and thermal barrier coatings
Author | : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Coatings |
Publisher | : National Academies |
Total Pages | : 236 |
Release | : 1970-01-01 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : |
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 102 |
Release | : 1996-05-13 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0309176026 |
This book assesses the state of the art of coatings materials and processes for gas-turbine blades and vanes, determines potential applications of coatings in high-temperature environments, identifies needs for improved coatings in terms of performance enhancements, design considerations, and fabrication processes, assesses durability of advanced coating systems in expected service environments, and discusses the required inspection, repair, and maintenance methods. The promising areas for research and development of materials and processes for improved coating systems and the approaches to increased coating standardization are identified, with an emphasis on materials and processes with the potential for improved performance, quality, reproducibility, or manufacturing cost reduction.
Author | : W Gao |
Publisher | : Elsevier |
Total Pages | : 677 |
Release | : 2008-04-09 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 1845694252 |
High temperature corrosion is a phenomenon that occurs in components that operate at very high temperatures, such as gas turbines, jet engines and industrial plants. Engineers are constantly striving to understand and prevent this type of corrosion. This book examines the latest developments in the understanding of high temperature corrosion processes and protective oxide scales and coatings.Part one looks at high temperature corrosion. Chapters cover diffusion and solid state reactions, external and internal oxidation of alloys, metal dusting corrosion, tribological degradation, hot corrosion, and oxide scales on hot-rolled steel strips. Modern techniques for analysing high temperature oxidation and corrosion are also discussed. Part two discusses methods of protection using ceramics, composites, protective oxide scales and coatings. Chapters focus on layered ternary ceramics, alumina scales, Ti-Al intermetallic compounds, metal matrix composites, chemical vapour deposited silicon carbide, nanocrystalline coatings and thermal barrier coatings. Part three provides case studies illustrating some of the challenges of high temperature corrosion to industry and how they can be overcome. Case studies include the petrochemical industry, modern incinerators and oxidation processing of electronic materials.This book is a valuable reference tool for engineers who develop heat resistant materials, mechanical engineers who design and maintain high temperature equipment and plant, and research scientists and students who study high temperature corrosion and protection of materials. - Describes the latest developments in understanding high temperature corrosion - Presents the latest research by the leading innovators from around the globe - Case studies are provided to illustrate key points
Author | : David John Young |
Publisher | : Elsevier |
Total Pages | : 593 |
Release | : 2008-10-03 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 008044587X |
The book is concerned with understanding the fundamental mechanisms of high temperature alloy oxidation. It uses this understanding to develop methods of predicting oxidation rates and the way they change with temperature, gas chemistry and alloy composition. The focus is on designing (or selecting) alloy compositions which provide optimal resistance to attack by corrosive gases. . Emphasises quantitative calculations for predicting reaction rates and the effects of temperature, oxidant activities and alloy compositions. . Uses phase diagrams and diffusion paths to analyse and interpret scale structures and internal precipitation distributions . Provides a detailed examination of corrosion in industrial gases (water vapour effects, carburisation and metal dusting, sulphidation) . Text is well supported by numerous micrographs, phase diagrams and tabulations of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data . Combines physical chemistry and materials science methodologies.
Author | : Committee on Advanced Fibers for High-Temperature Ceramic Composites |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 112 |
Release | : 1998-05-05 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0309569036 |
High-temperature ceramic fibers are the key components of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ceramic fiber properties (strength, temperature and creep resistance, for example)-along with the debonding characteristics of their coatings-determine the properties of CMCs. This report outlines the state of the art in high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings, assesses fibers and coatings in terms of future needs, and recommends promising avenues of research. CMCs are also discussed in this report to provide a context for discussing high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings.
Author | : Neil Birks |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 352 |
Release | : 2009-07-16 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 9780521485173 |
A straightforward treatment describing the oxidation processes of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures. This 2006 second edition retains the fundamental theory but incorporates advances made in understanding degradation phenomena. The first half provides an authoritative introduction to the basic principles, covering thermodynamics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion of metals and alloys. The latter half extends the discussion to oxidation processes in complex systems, from reactions in mixed environments to protective techniques, including coatings and atmosphere control. The authors provide a logical and expert treatment of the subject, producing a revised edition that will be a comprehensive guide to material scientists and engineers requiring an understanding of this elementary process.
Author | : Michael C. Gao |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 524 |
Release | : 2016-04-27 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 3319270133 |
This book provides a systematic and comprehensive description of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). The authors summarize key properties of HEAs from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and applications, which are supported by in-depth analyses. The book also contains computational modeling in tackling HEAs, which help elucidate the formation mechanisms and properties of HEAs from various length and time scales.
Author | : Lech Pawlowski |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 656 |
Release | : 2008-04-30 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0470754079 |
This extensively updated and revised version builds on the success of the first edition featuring new discoveries in powder technology, spraying techniques, new coatings applications and testing techniques for coatings -- Many new spray techniques are considered that did not exist when the first edition was published! The book begins with coverage of materials used, pre-spray treatment, and the techniques used. It then leads into the physics and chemistry of spraying and discusses coatings build-up. Characterization methods and the properties of the applied coatings are presented, and the book concludes with a lengthy chapters on thermal spray applications covers such areas as the aeronautics and space, automobiles, ceramics, chemicals, civil engineering, decorative coatings, electronics, energy generation and transport, iron and steel, medicine, mining and the nuclear industries.
Author | : Pimin Zhang |
Publisher | : Linköping University Electronic Press |
Total Pages | : 80 |
Release | : 2019-11-04 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9175190052 |
MCrAlY coatings (M=Ni and/or Co) are widely used for the protection of superalloy components against oxidation and hot corrosion in the hot sections of gas turbines. The drive for coating systems to bestow adequate oxidation and corrosion resistance upon the components becomes urgent as an inevitable result of the necessary improvement in engine combustion efficiency and service lifetime. Through the careful design of the composition, MCrAlY coating performance can be optimized to meet the needs under different service conditions and component materials, therefore, “MCrAlX”, with “X” stands for the minor alloying elements, is used to highlight the effect. In the present thesis, the performance of new MCrAlX coatings is investigated with respect to oxidation, hot corrosion and interactions between coating-superalloy substrates. Oxidation of MCrAlX coatings can be generally categorized into initial, steady and close-to-end stages. Coating performance can be affected by various factors at different stages, therefore, experiments were designed by targeting the oxidation stages. Investigation on the initial stage oxidation behavior of MCrAlY coatings with post-deposition surface treatments reveals the different growth mechanisms of alumina scales. Surface treatments significantly reduce the alumina growth rate by suppressing transient alumina development and aiding the early formation of ?-Al2O3, which improves the long-term oxidation performance of the coating. Similarly, the modification of minor alloy elements in MCrAlX coatings also serves the purpose. The oxidation behavior of new MCrAlX coatings was investigated at the steady oxidation stage, followed by the microstructure observation, thermodynamic and kinetic simulations. As an alternative reactive element addition of Y, Ce shows a negative effect on the formation of columnar alumina scales of high strain tolerance. In comparison, Fe or Ru addition shows no influence on alumina growth, rather than strengthening the phase stability in the coating and reducing the interdiffusion between coating-substrate through different mechanisms. As the oxidation proceeds to the close-to-end stage, a reliable criterion to estimate the capability of coating to form ?-Al2O3 is of great importance to accurately evaluate coating lifetime. A temperature-dependent critical Al-activity criterion was proposed to better predict the formation of a continuous ?-Al2O3 scale based on correction of elemental activity using thermodynamic database to replace the empirical Al-concentration based criterion. Severe interdiffusion occurs between coating-substrate during high temperature oxidation, accelerating the degradation of the system. Interdiffusion behavior of diffusion couples of superalloys-MCrAlX coatings were examined. It is highlighted that the recrystallization of superficial layer of the substrate contributes to the secondary reaction zone formation and element interdiffusion controls subsequent zone thickening. Study on Type I hot corrosion behavior of new MCrAlX coatings shows that the addition of Fe has no influence on basic fluxing reactions before severe Al depletion from the coating occurs. Instead, it boosts the “effective” Al supply of coating by shifting the equilibrium concentration of Al in the ? phase to a low Al level. Besides, the pre-mature coating degradation at the coating-substrate interface was due to the fast growth of corrosion products from substrate induced large local volume expansions, resulting in early coating spallation. MCrAlY ytbeläggningar (M=Ni och/eller Co) används ofta för att skydda komponenter tillverkade av superlegeringar mot oxidation samt högtemperaturskorrosion i de heta gasturbindelarna. Förbättrad förbränningseffektivitet och livslängd hos gasturbiner, gör att ytbeläggningssystemen måste besitta adekvata oxidations- och korrosionsmotstånd. Genom att omsorgsfullt utforma den kemiska sammansättningen hos MCrAlY ytbeläggningar kan deras prestanda optimeras för att möta kraven från olika driftförhållanden samt olika substratmaterial, därför används beteckningen "MCrAlX" för att belysa förändringar av den kemiska kompositionen, där "X" står för reaktiva legeringsämnen som tillsätts i mindre mängder. I denna avhandling undersöks prestandan hos en ny MCrAlX ytbeläggning med hänsyn till oxidation, högtemperaturskorrosion och interaktionen mellan ytbeläggningen och superlegeringssubstratet. Oxidation av MCrAlX ytbeläggningar kan generellt kategoriseras i tre faser; initiala, stabila och nära-slutet fasen. Ytbeläggningens prestanda kan påverkas av olika faktorer vid de olika faserna, därför utformades olika experiment för att undersöka de olika oxidationsfaserna. Undersökningen av den initiala fasen av oxidationsbeteendet hos MCrAlX ytbeläggningar som genomgått ytbehandlingar efter ytbeläggningsdeponeringen avslöjade olika tillväxtmekanismer hos aluminiumoxidskikten. Aluminiumoxidens tillväxthastighet reducerades signifikant av ytbehandlingarna, detta genom att undertrycka utvecklingen av övergående aluminiumoxid och bistå den tidiga tillväxten av ?-Al2O3, vilket förbättrar ytbeläggningens oxidationsprestanda långsiktigt. De reaktiva legeringsämnena som tillsätts i mindre mänger påverkar ytbeläggningens oxidationsprestanda på liknande sätt. Oxidationsbeteendet hos de nya MCrAlX ytbeläggningarna i den stabila fasen följdes av mikrostrukturundersökning, termodynamiska och kinetiska simuleringar. Det framkom att Ce visar en negativ effekt på bildandet av kolumnära aluminiumoxidskikt med hög töjningstolerans som alternativt reaktivt legeringsämne till Y. Jämförelsevis ger Fe- eller Ru-tillsatser ingen påverkan på aluminiumoxidtillväxten, förutom att det förstärker fasstabiliteten i ytbeläggningen samt genom olika mekanismer reducerar interdiffusionen mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet. När oxidationsprocessen kommit till nära-slutet fasen, är det viktigt att uppskatta kapaciteten hos en ytbeläggning att bilda ?-Al2O3, detta då det är ett tillförlitligt kriterium för att noggrant kunna utvärdera ytbeläggningens livslängd. Därför föreslogs ett temperaturberoende kriterium för kritisk Al-aktivitet för att bättre kunna förutsäga bildandet av ett kontinuerligt ?-Al2O3-skikt. Kriteriet baserades på korrigering av legeringsämnens aktivitet genom att använda en termodynamisk databas, detta för att ersätta det empiriska Al-koncentrations baserade kriteriet. Vid högtemperatursoxidation sker en omfattande interdiffusion mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet, vilket accelererar degraderingen av ytbeläggningssystemet. Därför har interdiffusionsbeteendet mellan superlegeringssubstratet och MCrAlX ytbeläggningen undersökts i denna avhandling. Det framkom att rekristallisationen av ytliga skikt av substratet bidrar till formationen av den sekundära reaktionszonen och att interdiffusion kontrollerar zonens efterföljande tjocklektillväxt. Undersökningen av Typ I högtemperaturskorrosionsbeteendet hos en ny MCrAlX ytbeläggning visar att legeringstillägg av Fe inte påverkar de grundläggande flödesreaktionerna innan en kritisk Al utarmning sker i ytbeläggningen. Istället stimulerar det tillförseln av Al genom att skifta jämviktskoncentrationen av Al i ? fasen till en låg nivå av Al. Det framkom också att den tidiga degraderingen av ytbeläggningen vid gränsskiktet mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet kommer av att den snabba tillväxten av korrosionsprodukter från substratet inducerade en stor lokal volymsutvidgning, vilket ledde till tidig ytbeläggningsspallation.