High Qos And Energy Efficient Medium Access Control Protocols For Wireless Sensor Networks
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| Author | : Bilal Muhammad Khan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Development of Wireless Sensor Nodes revolutionaries sensing and control application. The size of sensor node makes it ideal to be used in variety of applications, but this brings more challenges and problems especially as the capacity of onboard battery is limited. It is due to the very reason that initial research in the field of WSN especially on MAC targets mainly on the energy conservation and gives secondary importance towards other attributes of MAC protocols. These attributes includes latency, throughput, fairness and collision. This research keeping in view of current application requirements which demands QoS as well as energy conservation in static and mobile sensor networks proposes MAC protocols to meet these challenges. In this research to improve the efficiency of the collision resolution algorithms used in mainly contention based MAC protocols, an Improved Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm is proposed. The main target of this protocol is to resolve the problem of access collision by employing interim backoff period. The protocol targets to improve upon the performance of conventional Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm which suffers heavily from collision. The result shows significant reduction in collision which increases the efficiency of the network in terms of QoS and energy conservation. To eliminate the problem of collision which is one of the major sources of network performance degradation a novel Delay Controlled Collision Free contention based MAC is designed. The protocol uses novel delay allocation technique. DCCF also provides mechanism to achieve fairness among the nodes. Detailed analysis and comparative result shows substantial increase in throughput and decrease in latency as compared to Industrial standard of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA MAC. The research also proposed novel MAC protocols for mobile sensor networks. These protocols uses a methodology which is based upon signal strength of the beacon sent to the node from various neighbouring coordinators that enable the nodes to seamlessly enter from one cluster to another without any link loss and unnecessary delays in the shape of association. The proposed scheme is implemented over IEEE 802.15.4 enabling the standard to perform better with dynamic topology. Result shows that mobility adaptive 802.15.4 protocol shows improvement in QoS and conserve energy far better than the existing conventional CSMA/CA MAC standard. Also the algorithm is implemented over Delay Controlled Collision Free Mac protocol and a detail comparison is carried out with other mobility adaptive MAC protocols. The result shows significant decrease in latency as well as high gain in throughput and considerable reduction in energy as compared to the mobility adaptive MAC protocols. Finally in order to resolve fundamental problem of scalable network which suffers from bottleneck as more nodes in the last hop tries to send data towards the sink, a novel protocol is proposed which allows more than one node at a time to transmit the data towards the sink. The protocol named Simultaneous Multi node CSMA/CA enables the conventional industrial standard of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA protocol to allow more than one node to transmit the data towards the coordinator or sink node. The protocol out performs the existing standard and provides significant increase in QoS of the network.
| Author | : Surjya S. Ray |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 143 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
"One of the main challenges that prevents the large-scale deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is providing the applications with the required quality of service (QoS) given the sensor nodes' limited energy supplies. WSNs are an important tool in supporting applications ranging from environmental and industrial monitoring, to battlefield surveillance and traffic control, among others. Most of these applications require sensors to function for long periods of time without human intervention and without battery replacement. Therefore, energy conservation is one of the main goals for protocols for WSNs. Energy conservation can be performed in different layers of the protocol stack. In particular, as the medium access control (MAC) layer can access and control the radio directly, large energy savings is possible through intelligent MAC protocol design. To maximize the network lifetime, MAC protocols for WSNs aim to minimize idle listening of the sensor nodes, packet collisions, and overhearing. Several approaches such as duty cycling and low power listening have been proposed at the MAC layer to achieve energy efficiency. In this thesis, I explore the possibility of further energy savings through the advertisement of data packets in the MAC layer. In the first part of my research, I propose Advertisement-MAC or ADV-MAC, a new MAC protocol for WSNs that utilizes the concept of advertising for data contention. This technique lets nodes listen dynamically to any desired transmission and sleep during transmissions not of interest. This minimizes the energy lost in idle listening and overhearing while maintaining an adaptive duty cycle to handle variable loads. Additionally, ADV-MAC enables energy efficient MAC-level multicasting. An analytical model for the packet delivery ratio and the energy consumption of the protocol is also proposed. The analytical model is veried with simulations and is used to choose an optimal value of the advertisement period. Simulations show that the optimized ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains (50% to 70% less than other MAC protocols for WSNs such as T-MAC and S-MAC for the scenarios investigated) while faring as well as T-MAC in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency. Although ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains over S-MAC and T-MAC, it is not optimal in terms of energy savings because contention is done twice - once in the Advertisement Period and once in the Data Period. In the next part of my research, the second contention in the Data Period is eliminated and the advantages of contention-based and TDMA-based protocols are combined to form Advertisement based Time-division Multiple Access (ATMA), a distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol for WSNs. ATMA utilizes the bursty nature of the traffic to prevent energy waste through advertisements and reservations for data slots. Extensive simulations and qualitative analysis show that with bursty traffic, ATMA outperforms contention-based protocols (S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC), a TDMA based protocol (TRAMA) and hybrid protocols (Z-MAC and IEEE 802.15.4). ATMA provides energy reductions of up to 80%, while providing the best packet delivery ratio (close to 100%) and latency among all the investigated protocols. Simulations alone cannot reflect many of the challenges faced by real implementations of MAC protocols, such as clock-drift, synchronization, imperfect physical layers, and irregular interference from other transmissions. Such issues may cripple a protocol that otherwise performs very well in software simulations. Hence, to validate my research, I conclude with a hardware implementation of the ATMA protocol on SORA (Software Radio), developed by Microsoft Research Asia. SORA is a reprogrammable Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform that satisfies the throughput and timing requirements of modern wireless protocols while utilizing the rich general purpose PC development environment. Experimental results obtained from the hardware implementation of ATMA closely mirror the simulation results obtained for a single hop network with 4 nodes"--Page vi-viii.
| Author | : Bashir Yahya |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 368 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The objective of this thesis is to provide some of the basic building blocks that are necessary for wireless sensor networks, and that address their special characteristics. These basic building blocks are in the areas of medium access and routing. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols define rules to access and control the shared medium and play a critical role in the efficient and fair sharing of wireless bandwidth. Provided that the radio transceiver unit is the most power consuming unit of a physical sensor node, large energy savings can be achieved at the link layer where the MAC protocol is controlling the usage of the radio. In this context, we have proposed three MAC protocols that address the problems of energy consumption, quality of service (QoS), and mobility in sensor networks. Routing protocols specifies how sensor nodes communicate with each other by disseminating information that enables these nodes to build routes between them and sink node(s). These protocols enable different types of traffic to be delivered and fused during delivery to limit the amount of control information exchange. We tackled the problem of routing in WSNs, and proposed two routing protocols. Our proposed protocols maximize network lifetime through balancing energy utilization among nodes in the network (using multiple paths rather than single path), provide QoS through the use of the service differentiation concept to allow high important traffic to reach the destination within time bounds, implement Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques to increase resiliency to path failures and hence increases the probability that an enough portion of the data packet is received at the destination to recover the original data message without incurring excessive delay through data retransmissions. Our contribution in this thesis is not only to design energy efficient MAC and routing protocols , but we consider other issues like increasing throughput, minimizing transmission delay, improving scalability, and handling nodes mobility.
| Author | : Yang Liu |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 69 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Justin T. Kautz |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 134 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Sensor networks |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Imad Mahgoub |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 248 |
| Release | : 2018-10-08 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1420006347 |
Sensor networks continue to grow in importance for modern communication networks. Communication protocols are at the core of these networks, determining their ability to function, their capabilities, and the environments in which they are able to operate. In chapters carefully selected from the popular Handbook of Sensor Networks, Sensor Network Protocols supplies a sharply focused reference on protocols, security, data processing, and energy management in communication sensor networks that is ideal for specialists in the field. Providing a succinct guide to the protocols currently used in advanced sensor networks, this book focuses on four main areas: routing protocols; data gathering and processing; security and reliability; and energy management. The book opens with a survey of the challenges and opportunities facing the field. Then, expert contributors authoritatively discuss routing technologies, next-generation enabling technologies, comparative study of energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks, techniques to reduce computation and communication energy consumption, energy-aware routing, localized algorithms for sensor networks, and much more. Sensor Network Protocols details the techniques and technologies that are at the heart of modern sensor networks. It is an ideal reference for anyone interested in designing, planning, or building emerging sensor and communications networks.
| Author | : Afef Sayadi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless multi-hop ad hoc and sensor networks provide a promising solution to ensure ubiquitous connectivity for the Future Internet. Good network connectivity requires designing a reliable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, which is a challenging task in the ad hoc and sensor environments. The broadcast and shared nature of the wireless channel renders the bandwidth resources limited and expose the transmissions to relatively high collisions and loss rates. The necessity to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to the upper layers triggered the design of conflict-free MAC protocols. The TDMA synchronization constraint is basically behind the rush of MAC protocol design based on a fixed frame size. This design shows inflexibility towards network variations and creates a network dimensioning issue that leads to a famine risk in case the network is under-dimensioned, and to a waste of resources, otherwise. Moreover, the alternative dynamic protocols provide more adaptive solutions to network topology variations at the expense of a fair access to the channel. Alongside with the efficient channel usage and the fair medium access, reducing the energy consumption represents another challenge for ad hoc and sensor networks. Solutions like node activity scheduling tend to increase the network lifetime while fulfilling the application requirements in terms of throughput and delay, for instance. Our contributions, named OSTR and S-OSTR, address the shortcomings of the medium access control protocol design in the challenging environment of wireless multi-hop ad hoc and sensor networks, respectively. For OSTR the idea consists in adopting a dynamic TDMA frame size that increases slot-by-slot according to the nodes arrival/departure to/from the network, and aiming to achieve a minimum frame size. For this end, OSTR couples three major attributes: (1) performing slot-by-slot frame size increase, (2) providing a spatial reuse scheme that favors the reuse of the same slot if possible, (3) and ensuring an on-demand frame size increase only according to the node requirements in terms of throughput. To tackle different frame sizes co-existence in the network, OSTR brings a cooperative solution that consists in fixing an appointment, a date when the frame size in the network is increased. Concerning S-OSTR, it is an amendment of OSTR for wireless sensor networks. It brings the idea of a dynamic active period, since it deploys a dynamic frame size that is built slot-by-slot according to nodes arrival to the network. S-OSTR enforces the slot-by-slot frame size increase by a node activity scheduling to prolong the inactivity period in the network, and hence prolong the overall network lifetime for wireless sensor networks. Our contributions are both based on the new dynamic TDMA frame size increase that consists in increasing the frame size slot-by-slot aiming to achieve a shorter frame size, and hence improve the channel utilization, and reduce the energy consumption. The performance analysis of OSTR and S-OSTR shows that they present good potentials to support QoS requirements, to provide energy-efficiency, to ensure fair medium access, to accommodate network topology changes and finally, to enhance robustness against scalability. The impact of this new TDMA frame size increase technique on the medium access control protocol performance is highlighted through multiple simulations of OSTR and S-OSTR. Multiple comparative studies are also handled to point out the effectiveness of this new technique and the soundness of our contributions.
| Author | : Jagannathan Sarangapani |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 538 |
| Release | : 2017-12-19 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1420015311 |
With modern communication networks continuing to grow in traffic, size, complexity, and variety, control systems are critical to ensure quality and effectively manage network traffic. Providing a thorough and authoritative introduction, Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor Networks: Protocols, Performance, and Control examines the theory, architectures, and technologies needed to implement quality of service (QoS) in a wide variety of communication networks. Based on years of research and practical experience, this book examines the technical concepts underlying the design, implementation, research, and invention of both wired and wireless networks. The author builds a strong understanding of general concepts and common principles while also exploring issues that are specific to wired, cellular, wireless ad hoc, and sensor networks. Beginning with an overview of networks and QoS control, he systematically explores timely areas such as Lyapunov analysis, congestion control of high-speed networks, admission control based on hybrid system theory, distributed power control of various network types, link state routing using QoS parameters, and predictive congestion control. The book also provides a framework for implementing QoS control using mote hardware. Providing a deeply detailed yet conveniently practical guide to QoS implementation, Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor Networks: Protocols, Performance, and Control is the perfect introduction for anyone new to the field as well as an ideal reference guide for seasoned network practitioners.
| Author | : Adil Bashir |
| Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
| Total Pages | : 66 |
| Release | : 2021-07-21 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3346443078 |
Master's Thesis from the year 2013 in the subject Computer Science - Internet, New Technologies, grade: 8.12, , course: M. Tech, language: English, abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging imperious leading technology of the current century that presents great promise for various pioneering applications. The use of sensor networks should keep developing, mainly in the fields of scientific, logistic, healthcare and military applications. Sensor networks interact and collect sensitive data and operate in unattended hostile environments, thus it is imperative to pay attention to the security of wireless sensor networks as they are highly prone to threats. For successful operation of the nodes, it is important to maintain the security and privacy of the transmitted data as well as the data stored at nodes. The different security protocols and models used in the wired and other wireless networks such as ad-hoc networks cannot be used in WSNs because the sensor size poses significant restrictions, mainly in terms of energy autonomy and node lifetime, as the batteries have to be too tiny. Also, the existing security protocols in these constrained networks are not sufficiently energy efficient, which is the real motivation behind this work. In this thesis, a light-weight dynamic security algorithm titled “An Energy Efficient and Dynamic Security Protocol (EEDSP)” for wireless sensor networks has been proposed and implemented at nodal level. We also implement an existing algorithm and then carry out the performance analysis of both the algorithms in terms of energy consumptions, node lifetime and memory requirements at source and intermediate nodes to verify the improvement in our protocol’s results.
| Author | : Holger Karl |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 531 |
| Release | : 2007-10-08 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0470519231 |
Learn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other. Numerous practical examples, case studies and illustrations demonstrate the theory, techniques and results presented. The clear chapter structure, listing learning objectives, outline and summarizing key points, help guide the reader expertly through the material. Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks: Covers architecture and communications protocols in detail with practical implementation examples and case studies. Provides an understanding of mutual relationships and dependencies between different protocols and architectural decisions. Offers an in-depth investigation of relevant protocol mechanisms. Shows which protocols are suitable for which tasks within a wireless sensor network and in which circumstances they perform efficiently. Features an extensive website with the bibliography, PowerPoint slides, additional exercises and worked solutions. This text provides academic researchers, graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering, as well as practitioners in industry and research engineers with an understanding of the specific design challenges and solutions for wireless sensor networks. Check out www.wiley.com/go/wsn for accompanying course material! "I am deeply impressed by the book of Karl & Willig. It is by far the most complete source for wireless sensor networks...The book covers almost all topics related to sensor networks, gives an amazing number of references, and, thus, is the perfect source for students, teachers, and researchers. Throughout the book the reader will find high quality text, figures, formulas, comparisons etc. - all you need for a sound basis to start sensor network research." Prof. Jochen Schiller, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin
