Cultivated Plants, Primarily as Food Sources is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Global food demand is forecast to double and possible triple, by the year 2050, when more than 10 billion people will need to be fed worldwide. To ensure adequate nutrition for this growing population food production must be expanded faster than the population. Following a longer introduction chapter with some information on the history of crop production, the land used for agriculture, the cropping systems and the future trends, comes the knowledge in depth: The grain and cereal, the edible been plants, the vegetables and plants for edible starch, oil, sugar and beverage production, the fruits and nuts, the fiber, forage and industrial crops. Each subject contains glossary and bibliography for better and deeper understanding. At each important plant the history, the production technology, the importance of the crop in nutrition of growing population, the feeding value, some short case stories, and the future trends are discussed. When considering plant foods in relation to human health, it should be remembered that plant foods may also have health value in addition to their nutritional value. It would seem possible to modify the composition of plant foods as to improve human health. In developing countries, poverty leads to food shortage and under nutrition and many populations survive largely on plant-based diets. In industrialized countries, relative affluence leads to over consumption of food and especially to over-consumption of animal foods at the expense of plant foods. These two volumes, cultivated plants, primarily as food sources, help to get more detailed knowledge to overcome the mentioned problem of the World. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers, NGOs and GOs.