Genetic Association Study Of Spatial Working Memory
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Author | : Mingkuan Lin |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 240 |
Release | : 2009 |
Genre | : Aging |
ISBN | : |
Working memory (WM) is a collection of cognitive processes that include short term storage of task related information and manipulation of this information to facilitate the transformation of memory to action immediately. Age-related declines in WM performance have been attributed to dysfunction in dopamine and cholinergic neurotransmission. In this study, we applied a genetic approach to investigate how normal variation in genes controlling monoamine expression in PFC is linked to age-related decline in working memory. One well-studied source of genetic variation in dopamine neurotransmission occurs in the gene controlling the enzyme Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT). A well-studied 158 G/A polymorphism in the COMT gene (rs4680) is non-synonymous and results in a valine-to-methionine substitution. The methionine variant is associated with a 3-4 fold lower level of enzyme activity, compared to its valine counterpart. We analyzed two measures of performance (accuracy and reaction time measures) in terms of the influence of two biological parameters (age and COMT genotype) and two spatial WM parameters (distance between the target and the probe dot, and memory load). For accuracy measures, a significant interaction of memory load x COMT x age in the "Match" task conditions was observed. For accuracy measures, we showed a significant memory load x COMT x age interaction in "match" task conditions and the age effect was most prominent in "non-match" short distance task conditions. For reaction time measures, the older val/val homozygotes showed longer reaction times than the met/met and val/met subjects. Taken together, our results support the idea that different levels of COMT enzyme activity may be optimal for different tasks and heritability of COMT becomes increasingly important in cognitive performance with advancing age. The muscarinic cholinergic M2 receptor (CHRM2) belongs to the superfamily of G- protein coupled receptors, whose roles include modulation of cholinergic transmission, neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and feedback regulation of acetylcholine release. The CHRM2 A1890T polymorphism (rs8191992) which located in the 3' untranslated region has been repeatedly reported to be correlated to intelligence quotient (IQ). In this study, we also analyzed two measures of performance (accuracy and reaction time measures) in terms of the influence of two biological parameters (age and CHRM2 genotype) and two spatial WM parameters (distance between the target and the probe dot, and memory load). For the accuracy measures, we showed a significant memory load x CHRM2 x age interaction in the match task conditions. This interaction showed improved accuracies for CHRM2 AT heterozygotes in high memory loads. For reaction time measures, a significant CHRM2 x age interaction was also observed. This interaction showed that the young AA homozygotes used shorter reaction times than the young AT heterozygotes and the TT homozygotes, while the older AA homozygotes used longer reaction times than the older AT heterozygotes and the TT homozygotes. The CHRM2 A1890T polymorphism also showed increased effects in non-match task conditions for older adults. Taken together, our results support the idea that the CHRM2 A1890T polymorphism associated with the performance of spatial working memory at different ages. The increased genetic effects were observed in older adults. In this study, we showed the influence of normal gene variability on working memory. We also showed the increased gene effects in older adults. However, the cellular mechanism of how did these polymorphisms effect the neuronal activity is still not clear. Muscarinic neurotransmission has been implicated to play an important role in learning, attention and in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, further research is needed in this area. Cellular and molecular studies of rs8191992 may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this SNP.
Author | : Cesare Cornoldi |
Publisher | : Psychology Press |
Total Pages | : 182 |
Release | : 2004-06-02 |
Genre | : Psychology |
ISBN | : 1135431221 |
In this book Cornoldi and Vecchi describe a coherent experimental approach to the investigation of visuo-spatial cognition, based upon the analysis of individual differences.
Author | : Naoyuki Osaka |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 418 |
Release | : 2007 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 0198570392 |
It is only relatively recently that it has been possible to study the neural processes that might underlie working memory, leading to a proliferation of research in this domain. This volume brings together leading researchers from around the world to summarise current knowledge of this field.
Author | : Claudine Burton-Jeangros |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 215 |
Release | : 2015-08-11 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 331920484X |
This open access book examines health trajectories and health transitions at different stages of the life course, including childhood, adulthood and later life. It provides findings that assess the role of biological and social transitions on health status over time. The essays examine a wide range of health issues, including the consequences of military service on body mass index, childhood obesity and cardiovascular health, socio-economic inequalities in preventive health care use, depression and anxiety during the child rearing period, health trajectories and transitions in people with cystic fibrosis and oral health over the life course. The book addresses theoretical, empirical and methodological issues as well as examines different national contexts, which help to identify factors of vulnerability and potential resources that support resilience available for specific groups and/or populations. Health reflects the ability of individuals to adapt to their social environment. This book analyzes health as a dynamic experience. It examines how different aspects of individual health unfold over time as a result of aging but also in relation to changing socioeconomic conditions. It also offers readers potential insights into public policies that affect the health status of a population.
Author | : Cunyou Zhao |
Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
Total Pages | : 127 |
Release | : 2022-11-16 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 2832506062 |
Author | : Deborah Finkel |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 306 |
Release | : 2013-07-09 |
Genre | : Psychology |
ISBN | : 1461474477 |
Along with psychopathology, cognition has been one of the primary phenotypic focal points of the field of behavior genetics since its inception. Francis Galton’s 1874 examination of eminent families in Britain was among the earliest attempts to investigate whether cognitive achievements run in families. This volume presents current methodologies for understanding cognitive abilities that move beyond the outdated nature vs. nurture paradigm. Recent advances in both collection and statistical modeling of twin data, particularly longitudinal twin data, make this an especially advantageous moment to produce a work that presents a collection of the groundbreaking research on cognitive abilities across the lifespan. This volume presents an overview of the current state of quantitative and molecular genetic investigations into the many facets of cognitive performance and functioning across the lifespan.
Author | : Wim E. Crusio |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 361 |
Release | : 2013-04-25 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1107355575 |
The first volume in the new Cambridge Handbooks in Behavioral Genetics series, Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse provides baseline information on normal behaviors, essential in both the design of experiments using genetically modified or pharmacologically treated animals and in the interpretation and analyses of the results obtained. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the genetics of naturally occurring variation in mouse behavior, from perception and spontaneous behaviors such as exploration, aggression, social interactions and motor behaviors, to reinforced behaviors such as the different types of learning. Also included are numerous examples of potential experimental problems, which will aid and guide researchers trying to troubleshoot their own studies. A lasting reference, the thorough and comprehensive reviews offer an easy entrance into the extensive literature in this field, and will prove invaluable to students and specialists alike.
Author | : Arthur F. Kramer |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 287 |
Release | : 2007 |
Genre | : Computers |
ISBN | : 0195305728 |
The study of attention in the laboratory has been crucial to understanding the mechanisms that support several different facets of attentional processing: Our ability to both divide attention among multiple tasks and stimuli, and selectively focus it on task-relevant information, while ignoring distracting task-irrelevant information, as well as how top-down and bottom-up factors influence the way that attention is directed within and across modalities. Equally important, however, is research that has attempted to scale up to the real world this empirical work on attention that has traditionally been well controlled by limited laboratory paradigms and phenomena. These types of basic and theoretically guided applied research on attention have benefited immeasurably from the work of Christopher Wickens. This book honors Wickens' many important contributions to the study of attention by bringing together researchers who examine real-world attentional problems and questions in light of attentional theory. The research fostered by Wickens' contributions will enrich not only our understanding of human performance in complex real-world systems, but also reveal the gaps on our knowledge of basic attentional processes.
Author | : Nelson Cowan |
Publisher | : Psychology Press |
Total Pages | : 238 |
Release | : 2016-04-14 |
Genre | : Psychology |
ISBN | : 1317232380 |
The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.
Author | : Timothy Hodgson |
Publisher | : Springer Nature |
Total Pages | : 417 |
Release | : 2019-11-19 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 3030310264 |
This volume covers a broad range of current research topics addressing the function of visuospatial attention and working memory. It discusses a variety of perspectives ranging from evolutionary and genetic underpinnings to neural substrates/computational processes and the connection between attention and working memory. Contributions address the topic at the molecular, system and evolutionary scales and will be of interest to a range of audiences from animal behaviour specialists, experimental psychologists to clinicians in the field of psychiatry and neurology.