This book is a collection of articles in English, German and French which were presented at the 3rd International Linguistics Conference on the Questions of the Theory of the Language and Methodology of Teaching Foreign Languages in Taganrog, Russia. The conference gathered many scholars, both experienced and young, from Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Uzbekistan, Germany, Spain, Italy, Iran, Jordan, Malaysia, Greece, India, Turkey, Algeria, the Netherlands and Albania; and from the cities of Russia: namely, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Belgorod, Tambov, Volgograd, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, and Stavropol. Great attention is paid in this volume to the functioning of different levels of linguistic units and categories of speech with regard to the factors of intra- and cross-cultural communication and pragmatics of speech. The theory of language and speech is represented not only in synchrony, but in diachrony as well in the comparative and typological aspects of the material of languages from different cultural groups, including non-literate languages, such as the Ket language. The ideas of “internal” and “external” forms of the word, and “deep” and “surface” structures of the language are also examined in this volume. A further subject of discussion here is the problem of translation, and the relation of language and speech, text and discourse. The study of the problem of language and speech in comparative terms, and in the treatment of a variety of modern trends in linguistics, gives the picture of a universal mechanism for mainstreaming as the process of translating the word of the language in question. This volume represents some of the most interesting and important ideas and researches in the field of linguistics. The book consists of six parts: namely, theoretical linguistics; lexicology; text; pragmatics; ethnolinguistics and translation; and language teaching methods. This collection of essays will be of great interest to scholars in the fields of philology, linguistics, culture and humanities, and will be of particular interest to philologists, linguists, specialists in studying culture, students and postgraduate students majoring in the humanities, as well as those interested in issues of language, culture and language teaching methods.